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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(235, 187, 4);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(3, 80, 154);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% -50px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;margin: 0px -50px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 100px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(187, 42, 31);border-right: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 100px;border-bottom: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPUibiaDicvIUg2jiacrMXoDu0dVkGbqJiaemypq1fOQj3LbWdMc0Da4VzpzQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 30px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">随着城镇化的进程，一些西部地区和乡村的青壮年到城市打工，由于客观因素将自己的孩子留在家乡接受教育，继而出现大量的留守儿童问题。本期节目是留守儿童话题的下期节目，本期跟嘉宾一起讨论大学生公益支教团队、在线教育、乡村空间营造与乡村活力、乡村文旅与乡村振兴等对于农村儿童的一些作用与影响。一览众山小播客《不止是市民》Vol.15《留守儿童与教育(下)》，扫码或点击阅读原文收听！</p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-bottom: 1.6em solid rgba(160, 160, 160, 0.5);border-left: 0.9em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.9em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;margin-left: -0.6em;border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(235, 187, 4);border-left: 0.6em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.6em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(248, 231, 214);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(238, 233, 207, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 17%;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 0px 0% -30px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;background-color: rgb(248, 231, 214);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 66%;background-color: rgb(242, 241, 235);align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.11;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 38px;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);letter-spacing: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">向外向上增长</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: -35px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 32px;letter-spacing: 2px;color: rgb(186, 146, 143);line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">管理城市扩张促进更具公平性的城市建设</p></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(206, 174, 161);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">2020年08月25日期</span></strong></p></section></section><section style="color: rgb(227, 169, 124);line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文| 世界资源研究所全球可持续城市中心Anjali Mahendra   </span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">翻译| 王云龙、阿丽亚    </span><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">排版|  张禾荟</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">编辑| 众山小    文献| 徐洁</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 | weibo.com/</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 76.5781px;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: -30px 0% 10px;justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 30%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="3.845" data-w="400" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/RWrMWXcvLdqjSAC27apAG7rPWYREvMyndw6FsQXbGgKwU3FI1lH4IYVougGic4lrSdK6awMEhzXnTibqtnLIzIkg/640?wx_fmt=png/format,webp" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png/format,webp"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;opacity: 0.35;justify-content: flex-end;transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 120px;height: 53px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-bottom: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;border-left: 0px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-left-radius: 100px;background-color: rgb(248, 231, 214);border-right: 0px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 17%;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="transform: rotateZ(270deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(270deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(270deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(270deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;opacity: 0.23;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 35px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-bottom: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;border-left: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-left-radius: 100px;background-color: rgb(99, 182, 196);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% -60px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.17;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 65px;height: 130px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-bottom: 1px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;border-left: 0px none rgb(242, 207, 201);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-right: 0px dashed rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 100px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 24%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 43%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 14%;background-color: rgba(216, 223, 224, 0.32);align-self: flex-end;margin: 0px 0px -20px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 52%;background-color: rgb(242, 241, 235);padding: 5px 0px;align-self: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(186, 146, 143);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">导读</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 14%;background-color: rgba(242, 207, 201, 0.28);align-self: flex-start;margin: -20px 0px 0px;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: bottom;height: auto;align-self: flex-end;padding: 0px 12px;border-left: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgb(227, 169, 124);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 7px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们似乎一直都在谈论城市的未来，但你又能否说出城市发展的本质是什么呢？</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">世界资源研究所（WRI）举办的“迈向更加平等的城市（Towards a More Equal City）”专题研讨会上就这个问题进行了深入的探讨。WRI评估后发现，在2000年到2030年之间，全球范围内的城市规模预计将增加两倍左右，这不仅给予世界经济与环境以沉重的负担，还将加剧空间内部的紧张感和不平等问题。WRI进一步通过对分布在全球各地共计499所城市的扩张轨迹所进行的地理空间分析后发现，新兴城市发展初期所进行的快速扩张同时也为其带来了诸如土地市场扭曲、新增长地区核心服务能力不足以及非正式聚居区与城市脱节等挑战。面对日趋严峻的城市发展形势，我们需要提出具有针对性的解决策略，实现平等、高效的城市增长模式。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 1px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(197, 227, 211);padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: stretch;margin: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 58px;text-align: left;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;width: 1.5em;height: 3em;border-radius: 0px 162px 162px 0px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia89NyVWYmTiaIEsHKPck2jlJeSc9XPAcm7PG3UccxHrtUNYh5QHfox2Zqw1Eg8j9fu7gRv9VrlgTtQ/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 91.5518% 0%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 198.585%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-right: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow: hidden;border-top: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"> <img data-ratio="1.0131926" data-w="758" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia89NyVWYmTiaIEsHKPck2jlJeSc9XPAcm7PG3UccxHrtUNYh5QHfox2Zqw1Eg8j9fu7gRv9VrlgTtQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 8px 0px 8px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(83, 118, 105);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">王云龙，华东师范大学社会发展学院硕士</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">阿丽亚，内蒙古工业大学人文学院硕士</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">讲座来源：</span>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMgHV9J0it0</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小在文末将提供本文英文报告原文下载</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9055556" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIP0tUWkGTDs0wM2Q4JaR4ribPYTibwJdu4d5kbuQwPvfm2ialzxUmZFR5Gg/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmhigh" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmhigh"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 1px;border-color: rgb(179, 221, 233);overflow: hidden;padding: 0px 10px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;margin: -8px 0px 0px;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 34px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px 1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px -1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1.4px 0px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1.4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: right;font-size: 0px;justify-content: flex-end;margin: 0px 0% -4px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 25px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(180, 230, 244);border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 5px 0px 5px 10px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 5px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px 1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px -1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1.4px 0px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1.4px 0px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 2px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3px 3px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3px 1px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 1px 3px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 3.4px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 0.6px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 0.6px 2px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3.4px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">正文</em></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-left: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right: 2px none rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.562963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPlKf9TCy4hgPLkj7293uIZbxz6y6aPOoIfq4Xm6CzOnlMllWsY8Ev4Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图1：与过去相比，数据图中所展示的当下城市化进程（巨大绿色圆点）开始更多地发生在南非、南亚、东南亚等发展中国家。同时，生活在城市地区的贫困人口比例也正在上升，今天的亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲等新兴城市中有多达70％的人口普遍面临着城市服务水平不足等问题。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在可预见的未来即将有25亿人口进入城市，这也将使我们面临一个非常棘手的问题，如何在日益增长的城市人口以及日益扩张的城市规模中实现更加平等的城市发展？在此背景下，本研究所要提出的问题是，未来的城市是否能够保持绿色、环保、可持续的发展方式，又是否存在一个更加合理的增长方式？不仅局限于“全球南方城市”，这其实在本质上是世界上每一个城市都将要面临的巨大挑战。因此，本研究旨在提出一种具有可持续性的城市发展模式，确保所有城市居民都能够在城市增长中充分受益。</p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.862037" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPOWbX1aS8ibB3P3X7nZXWiaN7ia3HLmtVFemJkINdB45WqVMyAcXswhJbA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图2：本研究提出的城市分类框架</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">虽然世界资源研究所（WRI, World Resources Institute）于2015年提出的可持续发展目标已经获得了各个国家与城市社区的广泛认可，但如何实现这些目标又成为接下来我们所必须要面对的挑战。每一个城市的发展形态与发展条件都各不相同，所采取的实施策略也都成效各异。项目组在前期开展的调查研究一再证明，那些在大家脑海中所能想到的“千篇一律”的方法都行不通，但这同时也引发研究者去思考城市在未来发展中所能采取的切实可行的行动。在结合牛津经济城市数据库（Oxford Economics Cities Database）相关资料的基础上，总结出了包含四种城市类型在内的分析框架（见图2）。分别是，新兴城市（Emerging Cities）、奋争型城市（Struggling Cities）、繁荣型城市（Thriving Cities）和稳定型城市（Stabilizing Cities）。如果此时再与图1进行对比的话会发现，这些在全球城市地图中普遍分布的奋争型城市和新兴城市同时也面临着严峻的挑战与威胁。</p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4178744" data-w="414" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPPIZD15ktlSrmH63ekLI3FVDNE91ItNnPHvsO3BEicQ6xgTW9o9laJeA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图3：传统“三元框架”与本研究所使用的“多维度”指标性分析框架<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自从基多会议（Quito Conference）召开以来，城市发展核心始终聚焦在“迈向更加平等的城市建设”，弥合经济、社会和环境公平、城市正义等议题之间的紧张关系，促进城市发展的可持续性。近几十年来，WRI也一直试图促成这种发展模式，并将最初理念性的“三元框架”转化为更具操作意义的多维度扁平框架。鉴于日益增长的农业转移人口与聚居区的扩张趋势，城市迫切需要建设与之对匹配的基础设施用以服务这部分新增居民，使得所有城市人口都能够充分体验到城市服务。主要包括，可负担性住房、便捷的公路运输、交通工具、生活用水用电以及公共卫生资源等。而且通过创设这部分可以平等获取的公共性资源与服务，城市也将实现更高水平的经济效益与环保效益。要言之，上述条款将成为实现城市公平正义和可持续发展的基本切入点。</p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.562963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPCaic45l5nKLGhzFRclkgu00qOwIp2x9WsBTxPtmqBlWkXkgQCZP4wWg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图4：正如这张在孟买（Mumbai）城市上空所拍摄的图片，快速的城市扩张同时也进一步导致发生在城市空间内部的不平等现象。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据凯伦·塞托（Karen Seto）及其团队在2012年所发表的研究成果显示，预计在2000年至2030年间，全球城市面积将进一步扩大三倍。此外，像纽约大学马林研究所（Marin Institute）也发布过类似的统计结论。如果以今天作为初始点并将其到2030年的这段时间进行简单的趋势推演，预计全球城市土地面积将增加80％，这将使得未来城市中的可获得性公共服务面临巨大挑战。</p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4178744" data-w="414" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIP2sR7ticibmNpvuyFFnTceBrd8wvwb4aKOI36KOghl3SM8RCvHY2VBVlQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图5：2000年-2015年中国上海城市扩张轨迹（紫色区域）</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当然在过去的几年中，部分新兴城市的快速扩展趋势已经有所减缓。这张空间卫星图很清晰的为我们呈现出了上海在2000年到2015年之间的“城市建成区（Urban build-up）”面积，除此之外还有像孟加拉国的达卡（Dhaka）等城市也都体现出了类似的变化，即，缓步增长、匀速扩张。但在本研究的调查阶段发现这类城市只是少数。总的来说，全球大部分城市仍然面临着着城市扩张所带来的种种问题。主要原因可大致归为以下两种：</p></section></section><section style="justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;border-top: 1px solid rgb(92, 107, 192);border-top-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 20px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-webkit-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-moz-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-o-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none none none solid;border-width: 1px 5px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(223, 46, 0);padding: 5px 10px;background-color: rgb(92, 107, 192);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;width: auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原因1:</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">无管理式扩张</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Unmanaged Expansion</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5611111" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPdGkzP3c2bO04E2ax5sd3ibJmSckmbXTBP8ovPu2oKSVsCWvOGNspibsw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图注6：无序化扩张为印度科钦（Cochin）等城市带来了严重的环境负担甚至引发一系列自然灾害与公共卫生问题。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据印度科钦（Cochin）的调查发现，那些增长速度最快的地区往往集中于生物多样性热点地区（biodiversity hotspots）、缺水地区（flood plains）、冲积平原（areas of water stress）和主要农业用地（prime agricultural land）。无序化的管理不仅造成了城市周边的环境破坏，这种破坏甚至进一步加剧了当地自然灾害与公共卫生问题的发生频率。例如，近年季风期到来所造成的洪涝灾害破坏变得愈发严重并引发大量财产损失，同时，生物多样性热点地区也逐渐被洪泛区吞噬。种种“地方病”的出现并非正常的城市发展问题，根本症结恰恰在于城市的无序发展与过度建设。进一步加剧城市内部的经济问题以及社会不平等趋势。数据表明，那些今天仍然生活在印度孟买城市周边的家庭由于缺少相应的基础设施和市政服务，其生活成本已普遍达到城市内部普通家庭的30倍（主要包括非正式供应的家庭用水用电、公共卫生服务和交通通勤成本），通勤所需要耗费的时间成本和金钱成本也达到了城市内部群体的2到3倍左右。面对这些困境，较富裕阶层可能会通过购买住房转移居住区，但那些无法支付这部分成本的中低收入阶层却只能默默承受着日益窘迫的生活状态。</p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7681818" data-w="660" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPnP4aPSvWlXibI9PC3huB7DLHkRTZKj7VDA5fJC7FZ5Suk1Zfx5OGarg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1646707" data-w="668" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPSft2KXNEjbIRFk02JmCwMBq0AcwHE2rnCeibgJzWT6M9MHOmIMkibp0w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图7：班加罗尔市（Bangalore）公共服务机构所处位置与新增人口分布区域呈现出明显的空间错位。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="justify-content: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;border-top: 1px solid rgb(92, 107, 192);border-top-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 20px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-webkit-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-moz-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-o-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none none none solid;border-width: 1px 5px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(223, 46, 0);padding: 5px 10px;background-color: rgb(92, 107, 192);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;width: auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原因2:</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">行政辖区间的空间不匹配</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Spatial mismatch</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据班加罗尔市（Bangalore）开展的调查结论显示，包括水资源管理局、土地规划署和交通供电局等公共服务提供机构所在位置与城市人口增长点、城市聚居区之间存在着明显的空间错位，城市人口增长是“环状的”、“边缘化的”，而公共服务机构的设置点却是“带状的”、“集中化的”。并且这些边缘化区域往往会被划分到“农村一级”的管辖范围之中而非城市行政范畴，所以不难发现，这种城市基础服务的稀缺性与等级特征还体现于管辖权与行政区域之间的空间不匹配。</p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9698795" data-w="664" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPMF5tqtgYz7klHHbEhnHP4Q2Or4Ij6k2iaPO0Gsta7wnDRS5ky39yQIA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图8：全球499所城市的垂直增长指数（OGI）和水平增长指数（UGI）</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">鉴于上述分析，本研究将纵向的光学数据（卫星图像数据）与横向雷达数据（城市建筑所反射的微波数据）相结合，测算出全球499所城市的向外增长指数（OGI）和向上增长指数（UGI），并提出“向外与向上（Outward and Upward）”相结合的城市发展新视角。这将指引我们进一步发掘城市所具备的二维增长属性（two-dimensional nature of growth）同时也允许在接下来的研究工作中更多从这两个维度出发，具体讨论、分析城市发展的内部趋势。在数据图中可以看到，东亚最突出的垂直增长点大多集中于中国东南部，并体现出垂直增长与外向扩张的相对平衡。但是对于南亚、南非和东南亚等大多数奋争型城市与新兴城市而言却又呈现出空间内的失衡性。</p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6998492" data-w="663" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPevylEdtsxjaQ0C0GCnQJzvY6ffBvuEJsvyX8PPLSUwNB6YEFUx6icuA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0269058" data-w="669" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPPCMSmkxJbPp92SoeXOkH6gat4iaibU2TicStQYyhyBnhpJHtRMQqdhCSg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图9：本研究所提出的五种城市集群类型以及部分城市间的增长差异</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在利用上述分析框架对相关数据进行梳理的基础上，研究者总结出了五种城市集群类型，分别是稳定—水平扩张型（集群1）、高速—水平扩张型（集群2）、稳定—垂直扩张型（集群3）、新兴—非结构变化型（集群4）、高速—垂直扩张型（集群5）。可以看到在集群2和集群5之间形成的鲜明对比，前者更多偏向于水平方向的城市集群增长，而后者则体现出高速的垂直方向增长。右侧图表中发生在部分城市之间的增长趋势也进一步突出了不同集群类型之间的差异性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">到此，可以初步对全球南方城市中的“向外-向上”增长模式进行一个基本的总结：</p><ul class="list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;box-sizing: border-box;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">非洲地区主要突出了水平（横向）的城市扩张趋势</p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">亚洲地区虽然突出了垂直（纵向）的增长趋势但城市间的差异较大</p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">南美洲地区虽然在垂直与水平方向的扩张都很少但城市间的差异也最小</p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">奋争型城市与新兴城市更多被水平（横向）的扩张趋势所主导</p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">繁荣型城市在经历垂直（纵向）增长的同时也会带来更高的收入水平</p></li></ul></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6445783" data-w="664" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPYGLxeuXoT747TXdF1aBI5XAl4vCTTcPxKpMSMQ90NE0MS8qfTCGBKA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图10：导致不同国家和地区内城市土地面积增长的因素及其相应比重</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">除了这种在宏观视角下的城市类型划分，还需要进一步聚焦。要知道今天仍有8亿多居民生活在城镇周边的非正式聚居区（定居点）中，这是很严峻的问题，因为这些非正式聚居区的存在已经远远超越了城市遥感卫星所能够捕捉到的图像范围，需要进一步将遥感地图数据、田野调查数据以及贫民窟居民国际（SDI）所提供的社区级数据相结合，开发出更为系统、详细的评估指标来识别、研判这部分城市基础设施与公共服务资源相对匮乏的边缘群体。只有当你深入了解这些城市后才会发现，“城市贫民窟”现象多集中于以“水平扩张”为主的奋争型城市和新兴城市中。当然这也会引人发问，造成这一现象的驱动因素究竟是什么？除了部分原因是由于农村流动人口的自然增长外，相关研究结论也提供了不同的思路。如图所示，像欧洲、北美和中国这些地区的土地扩张更多是由于较发达城市的经济自然增长所导致的，但在诸如印度、非洲等地区的城市土地扩张则是由于人口增长。这一方面体现出了引发城市扩张的多重因素，另一方面也突出了更深层次的结构性差异。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5527778" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPu0ohDM5AlYBjuLpGNf897Q63JUGaTmeFDYdVN0gKLl17WLJ9oMNxbQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8642336" data-w="685" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPHQwNict52U2ibU1ZJsboQxvvIOhRkXhuTiae8c0yIbt5SicTOza7B2tO5w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图11：根据本项目组与马林研究所（Marin Institution）共同收集的200个城市的土地使用法规，数据结果再一次印证了本研究的最初设想，即“奋争型城市”的土地规划最为薄弱，“新兴城市”则呈现出几乎是匀速增长的土地发展轨迹与开发计划。但总的来说，相比于“繁荣型城市”和“稳定型城市”，在数据中所能看到的大多数土地开发挑战还是较多的出现在“奋争型城市”与“新兴城市”中。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;padding: 0px 13px 13px;border-width: 0px;border-left-style: none;border-left-color: rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom-style: none;border-bottom-color: rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;border-right-style: none;border-right-color: rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.43);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这部分内容已经使我们对城市增长模式与驱动类型有了大致了解，基于此可以归纳出城市在发展过程中所面临的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 17px;color: rgb(92, 107, 192);box-sizing: border-box;">三类主要挑战</span></strong>并尝试提出相应的对策建议。</p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;border-width: 0px;margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-webkit-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-moz-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-o-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none solid;border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(223, 46, 0);padding: 5px 10px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;width: auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(92, 107, 192);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">挑战1</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;border-top-style: solid;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-top-color: rgb(92, 107, 192);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(92, 107, 192);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">扭曲的土地市场</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Distorted Urban Land Markets</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">事实上，在全球南方城市的土地开发过程中存在很多由私人房地产开发商所主导的“投机性开发（speculative development）”行为。这些开发商通常在缺少约束性法规的前提下进行住房开发，核心目的就是最大化经济利润。所以看到城市周边的高档社区大规模兴起而可负担的土地与住房空置地却相对短缺，造成非正式居住区的人民生活条件愈发窘困。这种城市发展模式的症结就在于缺乏有效的政府管理机构来主导城市公共土地开发。例如在内罗毕（Nairobi），约有40%的城市住宅用地处于闲置状态。还有在非洲的其它城市像哈拉雷（Harare）和马普托（Maputo），由于当地缺乏足够的财力用来负担公共基础设施建设，导致尚有五分之三的土地没有得到公共性开发。所以，城市发展不仅需要强大的公共政策支持也应当同时具备较为完善的城市土地使用计划和资金支持体系。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;border-width: 0px;margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-webkit-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-moz-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-o-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none solid;border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(223, 46, 0);padding: 5px 10px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;width: auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(92, 107, 192);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">挑战2</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;border-top-style: solid;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-top-color: rgb(92, 107, 192);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(92, 107, 192);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">新兴增长地区核心服务能力不足</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Deficient Core Services in Growing Areas</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5564815" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPvOlUIN3qloj0IkoH5fB5jSWQb3l6HibDULXqK7NmbRP1aia6j5jpPaiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图12：规划水平薄弱、管理策略失调、建设资金有限以及对地理位置缺乏敏感性的住房政策都已经成为城市发展所面临的挑战。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">促成这一挑战的因素有许多，但其中很重要的一点就是国家层面的住房政策。以印度为例，该国政府近年推行了一系列雄心勃勃的政策目标并计划在未来五年之内建成超过2200万套公共住房，此外像巴西与墨西哥等国家也提出了类似目标。但我们发现，在这样的政策推行中却没有相应的强制性规定，指出公共住房的选址应当面向城市周边那些生活更贫困，人群更集中，需求也更加迫切的非正式聚居区，当然也没有对开发商在城市特定地区进行选址的激励措施。那么可想而知土地开发商们会怎么做？这种城市资本的逐利性又自然会催使他们去寻求利益最大化而非社会效益最大化的区域进行开发。住房规划需要区域之间的连续性，但是像今天的墨西哥等区域却缺少了这种政策指导与行政命令干预。这就使得在城市内部一方面形成了大量的贫民区、棚户区，而另一方面又是大量的空置性住房，由于地处城市周边，缺少城市供水供电、城市交通等基础服务，多年后仍然无人问津，致使很多空置房甚至变成了垃圾填埋场，大量土地与资源在这样的过程中都被浪费掉了。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;border-width: 0px;margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-webkit-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-moz-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-o-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none solid;border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(223, 46, 0);padding: 5px 10px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;width: auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(92, 107, 192);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">挑战3</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;border-top-style: solid;border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-top-color: rgb(92, 107, 192);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(92, 107, 192);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">脱节的非正式扩张</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Disjointed Informal Expansion</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5537037" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPsXLGqBBeGksr99GAbhfl2dpWXAPT8ibx8UXNd5YxpEU5KT0CLryfFibQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图13：紧邻当地政府闲置用地的城市边缘棚户区</p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“非正式扩张（informal expansion）”，即超出了城市发展的正式计划与政策范围。我们在那些“奋争型城市”甚至部分“新兴城市”中看到的大多是这种依靠城市边缘吸纳农村人口和非正式定居点人口的方式进行着发展。这张在孟买所拍摄的图片就像我们展示了这样一幅颇具戏剧性的画面，可以看到在农田上方其实是政府所拥有的闲置用地，而与之紧邻着的就是一处非正式聚居区。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5592593" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIP2csMlaiahbjibHldCPvX2H4AtoVHjs2N9z8CaTVZeYxXv0oh5icdRdGNQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: center;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(45deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 8px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid none none solid;border-color: rgb(31, 196, 253);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: center;height: auto;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(188, 188, 188);font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图14：新兴城市在发展过程中又该如何应对上述挑战呢？总的来说，鉴于考虑到的制度失位与资源失调等问题，就需要加强相关职能部门的精细化管理水平与管理能力，通过战略性的政策指导方式规划城市未充分利用土地并将城市住房与公共基础设施开发引向特定区域。其次，单位价格低廉且基础设施较为完善的土地条件已成为投机性开发行为产生的重要诱因，因而这也需要我们能够做到提前研判城市人口增长趋势，并为其配置相应的基础服务设施，适度增加土地供应，为城市居民提供多样化选择。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">就上文所提到的三方面挑战，本研究也提出了<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 17px;font-family: line-through;color: rgb(92, 107, 192);box-sizing: border-box;">三种具体的应对战略</span></strong>。</p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-webkit-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-moz-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-o-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none none none solid;border-width: 1px 5px 1px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(92, 107, 192);padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;width: auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(92, 107, 192);padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">战略1：利用政策法规与激励措施抑制投机行为促进空间包容</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">肆无忌惮的城市土地投机行为本质上是对城市空间的扭曲，这将导致少数人获得大量利润并使城市无法提高总体公共服务水平。为解决这一问题，应在发展过程中通过政策法规和激励措施使城市开发优先考虑空间公平，具体包括规定土地持有期限，对闲置土地征税等，以减少投机行为。部分新兴城市的政府已经尝试在新区的规划与建设中推动土地开发商、私营规划部门、城市居民代表等多方利益主体共同商议并影响未来的土地开发决策。另外，虽然政府会根据每年的城市化率来制定土地开发指标，但由于缺少相应的政策抑制投机行为，使得大多数住房与公寓几乎全部出售给了地产投资者和那些购买第二套甚至更多住房的人，而非城市新移民。例如2013年的中国就大约有4900万套住房单元被空置出来，已经占到了总存量的22%并在当时造成了一系列“鬼城（ghost towns）”的出现，这样的城市住房市场状况直到2017年才得到了一定程度的稳定。类似的挑战也存在于印度，根据2011年的全国普查数据显示，该国仍面临1900万套的住房缺口，但与此同时又有现存大约1100万的空置住房尚且无人居住。鉴于此，除了应当通过激励措施将基础设施发展导向城市的特定地点，还应对房地产开发行为进行适当监管，对闲置土地和多余住房征收附加税，从而使土地市场更有效地运作，有助于限制投机性需求及其造成的供需紧张。例如墨西哥所推行的“城市控制参数（urban containment parameters）”、南非的“城市开发区（urban development zones）”以及巴西圣保罗的“城市运营（urban operations）”战略都发挥着类似的效用。</p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-webkit-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-moz-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-o-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none none none solid;border-width: 1px 5px 1px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(92, 107, 192);padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;width: auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(92, 107, 192);padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">战略2：平衡多方行动者利益关系合理提高城市基础设施服务范围</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当涉及如何提供基础设施服务供应时，必然离不开政府、私人开发商、当地社区以及在土地征用与开发过程中所涉及到的相关利益者群体，例如，交通沿线的住户、商户等。因而本研究所构想的城市基础设施服务也并非一方主体就能实现的，需要的是多方利益主体的协调与配合。比如在今天的韩国，大约有40%的城市就是通过以“共建、共治、共享、共获益”为框架建立起来的土地配置方法所建设起来的，政府会在城市发展初期就作出大约37%的预留土地用于城市道路与公共设施建设，虽然在发展初期也相应的抬高了当时几条有限道路的周边土地价值，也同样出现了房地产投机行为，但当地政府又在随后的过程中开始增加这部分群体的上缴税费，同时进一步积累了下一轮城市基础设施所需要的建设资金。这一政策的推行不仅使城市在发展初期就做到公共用地的预留，减少后期在开发过程中的不必要冲突，还能在中后期平衡好多方主体之间的利益关系，进而实现城市发展的共赢，2000年，该政策正式被纳入到韩国首尔的《城市发展法》中。类似方案也被用于印度的艾哈迈达巴德等新兴城市的开发中。总的来说，它允许每一位居民都能够共享包括生活用水用电、公共道路、可负担性住房、公共空间等城市基础服务。</p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-webkit-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-moz-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);-o-transform: matrix(1, 0, -0.2, 1, 0, 0);border-style: none none none solid;border-width: 1px 5px 1px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(92, 107, 192) rgb(92, 107, 192);padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0px;width: auto;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(92, 107, 192);padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 4px;line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">战略3：整合现有非正式聚居区保持可负担性城市发展与服务</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(146, 118, 116);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">虽然我们一直在谈论城市的未来，但你是否能够说出城市发展的本质究竟是什么？要知道在2015年就已经约有8.8亿的居民生活在城市贫民窟中，一些城市中的非正规聚居区人口甚至高达城市总人口的70%。虽然部分非正规聚居区在不断扩张的城市发展中也相应的建立起了部分可负担性住房，但由于未被政府登记在册同时也不符合相应的土地使用条例，使得这部分群体始终生活在一个灰色空间中，而且他们无法获得诸如水、电力、卫生设施等城市基础性服务。例如，阿雷格里港（Porto alegre）等城市所计划促成的涉及市政当局、社会企业、非正规居住区的开发商和低收入家庭等主体在内的谈判会议，旨在通过决议的方式确保维持非正式聚居区最低水平的基础性服务并在未来逐步提高非正式聚居区居民向正式居住区转移的城市规划方案。值得注意的一点是，在这一过程中他们仍然任用了那些非正式聚居区的开发商来主导正规住房建设而非简单的消除他们，这就在不同主体之间形成了一种双赢甚至是共赢的局面。总之，城市发展在本质上不应排斥这部分群体而应当整合现有非正式聚居区，集中化管理、集中化提供服务，提高他们的生活水平与生活质量。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最后，在本次汇报的最后部分可以做出如下总结，该研究利用一系列空间研究工具与全新研究数据旨在向大家呈现在全球南方的诸多城市中，随着城市人口和人均收入水平的增长，廉价的私人交通与城市土地面积也将继续扩张，这就相应的促成了城市横向与纵向的联合发展路径，二者既互相协调又相互增益，缺一不可。虽然城市扩张是不可避免的，但未来的城市管理策略与规划方针却可以提前研判，做到因时、因地、因自身发展实情而定的针对性方案。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 1px;border-color: rgb(179, 221, 233);overflow: hidden;padding: 0px 10px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;margin: -8px 0px 0px;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 34px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px 1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px -1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1.4px 0px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1.4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: right;font-size: 0px;justify-content: flex-end;margin: 0px 0% -4px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 25px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(180, 230, 244);border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 5px 0px 5px 10px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 5px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px 1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px -1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1.4px 0px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1.4px 0px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 2px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3px 3px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3px 1px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 1px 3px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 3.4px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 0.6px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 0.6px 2px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3.4px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者后记</em></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 90%;padding: 0px;border-style: none solid;border-width: 1px 8px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(212, 239, 246);height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;border-style: solid none;border-width: 8px 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(212, 239, 246) rgb(0, 0, 0);height: auto;background-color: rgba(0, 175, 236, 0);box-shadow: rgb(212, 239, 246) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 8px solid rgb(212, 239, 246);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -8px;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 5px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px 1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px -1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1.4px 0px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1.4px 0px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 2px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3px 3px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3px 1px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 1px 3px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 3.4px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 0.6px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 0.6px 2px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3.4px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="background-color: rgba(1, 175, 236, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="background-color: rgba(1, 175, 236, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">城</em></strong><strong style="background-color: rgba(1, 175, 236, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">市的本质：</em></strong><strong style="background-color: rgba(1, 175, 236, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">不是“接纳任何人”而是“不排斥所有人”</em></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 1.6px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(120, 169, 184);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">回到安贾利·马亨德拉（Anjali Mahendra）向城市研究者以及每一位城市“拥有者”所提出的直击心灵的发问，我们一直都在谈论城市的未来，但城市发展的本质究竟是什么呢？可以说整场讲座下来，这一问题始终在我的脑海中萦绕。诚然，我们一直都在研究城市、谈论城市、宣扬城市甚至于赞美城市，同时也就形成了这样一幅图景：大家始终在与城市进行着“面对面”的交流，她的富饶、美好与魅力深深的吸引着每一位试图接近她的人。但是却缺少了从侧面，甚至说反面来观察她的视角。因而，安贾利等学者也就试图为我们呈现出城市在发展过程中的“另一面”。所以我们看到，城市也是残缺的、不全面的，存在着排斥性与区隔机制的场域。城市看似已逐渐成为人们生活与工作的最佳选择，但我们发现这种“最佳选择”又开始变得越来越“难以选择”。根据世界资源研究所（WRI）对约翰内斯堡、墨西哥等处于快速发展阶段的城市调查发现，大约分别有42％到56％的城市居民仍然无法轻易找到工作，城市最初吸引人到来的那些好处也变得愈发难以获得，这部分群体俨然成为了“被困的都市人”。而且围绕城市的“另一面”还可以总结出：“城市越扩张→边缘居民越难以生存→两极分化趋势越严峻”的铁律……又如《全球城市》（The Global City）的作者沙森（Saskia Sassen）提出的发问：“这种紧张的状况发展到什么程度才变得不可忍受？高收人的管理者们要多少次从无家可归者的尸体上跨过，才变得实在无法忍受？”城市不仅需要包括土地扩张与规模经济在内的横向发展，同时也需要对城市人口的吸纳与包容，这本就应当是“横纵联合”的均衡过程。城市不仅是资本的容器，更是具有多样性的生态系统。不同群体之间互相需要相互依存，本身就构成了一种专属的“城市意向（city image）”。而在今天的部分城市管理者眼中却将城市问题归结为“低技能”劳动力群体的增长，并通过各种制度的推行建立起无形的城市驱隔机制，实属陷入到了城市发展的误区中。谈及于此，我们似乎对城市的本质已经有了些基本思路。苏克图·梅赫塔（Suketu Mehta）指出，为了建设一个大都市，一个真正的城市，不是要接纳任何人，而是不排斥所有人。所以一定要警惕在城市扩张与更新改造过程中对于城市意象的破坏，质言之，我们需要促成不同阶层与身份地位的城市居民都能充分享受到城市发展所带来的成果，并将这种群体多样性转化为城市的宝贵资产，促成“共建、共治、共享”包容性城市。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 1px;border-color: rgb(179, 221, 233);overflow: hidden;padding: 0px 10px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;margin: -8px 0px 0px;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 34px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px 1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px -1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1.4px 0px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1.4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: right;font-size: 0px;justify-content: flex-end;margin: 0px 0% -4px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 25px;height: 8px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(180, 230, 244);border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding: 5px 0px 5px 10px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 5px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px;text-shadow: rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px 1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1px -1px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px 1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 0px -1.4px, rgb(120, 169, 184) -1.4px 0px, rgb(120, 169, 184) 1.4px 0px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 2px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3px 3px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3px 1px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 1px 3px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 3.4px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 2px 0.6px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 0.6px 2px, rgb(255, 222, 23) 3.4px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">相关参考文献</em></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65);padding: 0px 22px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">①Mahendra, A. 2018. “Balancing Accessibility with Aspiration: Urban TransportPlanning in the Global South.” In The Routledge Companion to Planning in the Global South, edited by V. Watson, G. Bhan, and S. Srinivas, 225–240. London: Routledge.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">② Beard, V.A., A. Mahendra, and M.I. Westphal. 2016. Towards a More Equal City: Framing the Challenges and Opportunities. World Resources Report. Washington,DC: World Resources Institute.</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">③ Seto, K.C., S. Parnell, and T. Elmqvist. 2013. “A Global Outlook on Urbanization.”In Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities, edited by T. Elmqvist, 1–12. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">④ Suketu Mehta (Urban age at 10), “Beyond the maximum: cities may be booming, but who's invited to the party?”, November 30, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/30/beyond-maximum-cities-booming-party-ny-rio-mumbai, June 23, 2020.</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">⑤ 丝奇雅·沙森著：《全球城市：纽约·伦敦·东京》，周振华译，上海：上海社会科学院出版社，2001年版，第315页。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="color: rgb(186, 146, 143);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">～ THE END ～</strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: flex-end;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-bottom: 2px dashed rgba(227, 169, 124, 0.2);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.3;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(216, 223, 224);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.23;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(239, 205, 175);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 1px;height: 150px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 99%;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;justify-content: center;opacity: 0.33;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(242, 207, 201);border-radius: 100%;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgba(239, 233, 207, 0);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.43;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 1%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: 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40%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(243, 167, 186);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -40px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 5px solid rgb(237, 194, 113);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(243, 167, 186);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -30px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.77;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 42px;color: rgba(68, 69, 225, 0.86);letter-spacing: 7px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;transform: translate3d(60px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(60px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(60px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(60px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.290411" data-w="730" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPtbgvh4cvIeyWxRkTH8kvCgSaeTD2jTjWEreJl1ppibP7XML4tU3ATVw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 96%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3480176" data-w="681" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPvXOfI8VyEfcjroVveYCr0icSdiaKL9kgr0AX8ZuTlia5nC0PVIbBqT8ZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><section style="line-height: 0;width:0;"><svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: rotateZ(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(180deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -30px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);opacity: 0.77;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 42px;color: rgba(68, 69, 225, 0.86);letter-spacing: 7px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">免费下载<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(125, 146, 160);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">免费下载一览众山小提供的原文资料：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">微信公众号 后台留言<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">或电邮 Daizongliu@qq.com </p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgba(228, 11, 66, 0.12);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(240, 133, 192);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">01</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">参考文献标题一</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.290411" data-w="730" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPtbgvh4cvIeyWxRkTH8kvCgSaeTD2jTjWEreJl1ppibP7XML4tU3ATVw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3309659" data-w="704" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPkhBJBw4NfQr4tMDV2myREiaAYlrDzBqicQSzSHqnPlu1I7Wnrib3xQlMA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3401163" data-w="688" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPkVNqfrbKRC9HqLzqkiaIickVSKOoJk1YcpL5q7fNjnQW49Clhadtk59Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3480176" data-w="681" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPvXOfI8VyEfcjroVveYCr0icSdiaKL9kgr0AX8ZuTlia5nC0PVIbBqT8ZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3289474" data-w="684" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic2JKgGd2JwQjrBN5wVTLIPWjCicmcib8icvqpg5vlFia92ELd28Xe2ydupv1WfJDZqKNEVRRaBRBW0Mg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 15%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0131926" data-w="758" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia89NyVWYmTiaIEsHKPck2jlJeSc9XPAcm7PG3UccxHrtUNYh5QHfox2Zqw1Eg8j9fu7gRv9VrlgTtQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px;letter-spacing: 5px;line-height: 1.3;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color:#ba0000;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: transparent;background-image: linear-gradient(115deg, rgb(254, 169, 156) 0%, rgb(255, 207, 164) 20%, rgb(254, 246, 158) 40%, rgb(171, 254, 150) 60%, rgb(152, 224, 252) 80%, rgb(186, 158, 255) 100%);-webkit-background-clip: text;box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color:#ba0000;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: transparent;background-image: linear-gradient(115deg, rgb(254, 169, 156) 0%, rgb(255, 207, 164) 20%, rgb(254, 246, 158) 40%, rgb(171, 254, 150) 60%, rgb(152, 224, 252) 80%, rgb(186, 158, 255) 100%);-webkit-background-clip: text;box-sizing: border-box;"> 可持续城市与交通</span></span></strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 25%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 10px;border-color: rgb(242, 108, 144);padding: 10px;height: auto;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 244, 249);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 4px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(252, 247, 201);overflow: hidden;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9185185" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia89NyVWYmTiaIEsHKPck2jlJYoLz3H9k9ZniayfCOctwSfwUq9kqj9LOk91FSCiaUGRibaxiaJbWgEXD3A/640?wx_fmt=jpeghigh" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeghigh"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 2.5px;line-height: 2.2;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 我们 </span> | 作为独立的专业志愿者团体</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 秉承 </span> | 专业理想与价值观</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 信守</span><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> | 非盈利原则</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 愿景 </span> | 帮助中国城市可持续发展</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 关注 </span> | 城市、交通、公共空间与大数据</p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 2.5px;line-height: 2.2;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 至今 </span> | 我们已经拥有遍布全球近500名志愿者</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 推送 </span> | 近3000篇原创专业译文</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 感谢</span><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> | 过去6年多来您的支持</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 199, 211);box-sizing: border-box;"> 欢迎 </span> | 后台留言关键词"志愿者"了解如何加入</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2014-2020 ? 转载请注明：</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">转载自公众号“”</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" 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