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<section style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;width: 100%;padding-left: 5px;border-right-color: rgb(184, 206, 211);border-left-color: rgb(184, 206, 211);display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">张　帆</strong>　中山大学地理科学与规划学院博士研究生，中山大学中国区域协调发展与乡村建设研究院</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">版权说明</strong>：感谢作者授权发布，如有转载等事宜，请联系原作者。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10%;height: auto;vertical-align: bottom;border-bottom-color: rgb(184, 206, 211);border-bottom-width: 6px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(184, 206, 211);font-size: 24px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</strong></p></section></section><section style="border-width: 0px;width: 90%;height: auto;padding-left: 10px;vertical-align: bottom;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -5px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 20px;height: 20px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1" data-type="gif" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2x3Jp84YSeLkZXWRHUg2XFIXOMxicOG85ZJgnTiaTNuXfhx8m5jGGy1Zxg/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">作为“沟通行动”的沟通式规划</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪60年代，系统和理性过程规划思想的出现，标志着规划理论范式的重大转变。传统将城市作为物质空间形态结构的观点，被城市作为不断变化且相互联系的功能系统所取代。城市被当作是一个动态的功能性实体，而规划也被认为是一种动态过程，而不是蓝图式的终极目标。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪70年代，在倡导多元价值观取向下，除了作为一项技术或科学活动，规划更被赋予了政治属性。规划逐渐注意到多元主体的价值观，并关注到不同利益相关者诉求。随后，在Habermas的交往理性哲学引入下，规划理论逐渐出现了沟通转向，在Forester、Friedmann、Sager、Innes、Healey等规划学者的引领下，逐步建构起了沟通式规划的理论框架。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">同时，伴随着规划理论思潮的转变，对规划中规划师角色观念的变化也进行了持续探讨。人们意识到规划决策根本在于价值判断，规划师也面临着在做出这些判断时是否比普通公众具有更强“专家”技能的职责考验。也因此，规划师不仅被当作技术专家，更多的是作为协调不同利益团体需求的协商者。对此，笔者作为一名规划师，结合在社区规划中的实践经验，谈谈对规划师角色的一些思考。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 10%;height: auto;vertical-align: bottom;border-bottom-color: rgb(184, 206, 211);border-bottom-width: 6px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(184, 206, 211);font-size: 24px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</strong></p></section></section><section style="border-width: 0px;width: 90%;height: auto;padding-left: 10px;vertical-align: bottom;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -5px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 20px;height: 20px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1" data-type="gif" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2x3Jp84YSeLkZXWRHUg2XFIXOMxicOG85ZJgnTiaTNuXfhx8m5jGGy1Zxg/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">沟通式规划中规划师角色的讨论</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 75%;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 16px;border-radius: 16px;width: 85%;margin-top: 11px;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(188, 227, 249);"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">规划师应该是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">倡导者(Advocates)</strong>。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 0;margin-top: 29px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(188, 227, 249);"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.85" data-type="png" data-w="20" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xxMHP0O7dHricLTKMbNKWuBBLcLxxhg7Wib6PUTcmbG518xHQW9n8jKdQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="width: 60px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 10px;width: 40px;line-height: 0;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1" data-type="png" data-w="80" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xwy6ey8UKtDCB0z4gUX0QXkhJxQMEOJvu4ThDvY1eZAybdap2l6NH0g/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">规划中公众参与始于20世纪60年代，Davidoff(1965)认为规划师应当作为<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">倡导者（Advocates）</strong>。“倡导”的概念意味着讨论中至少有两种争论观点的对立，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划师应作为特定观点的支持方，代表弱势和公众利益诉求，并以自己的专业知识影响和教育公众。</strong></span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">从这个观点看，规划师同时还承担着专业教育者的角色。笔者在规划实践中，也认识到不能完全听取公众意见，更要结合自身的专业知识给予判断，并将“什么是好的规划”的理念传达给大众。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">如在深井村社区规划师培训讲座中，结合当前城乡发展背景，规划师向社会公众宣传共同缔造的社区规划理念（图1）；在云吟村与村民讨论方案过程中，面对村民们热衷于“宽马路，大广场”的农村“现代化”想象，规划师向村民讲解为什么乡村规划应坚持“乡土理念”（图2）。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.75" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xumNkSECWHaKOlicp8YOFIt10uznSqaLm07icOiaf2g1xDbArRPLhM1p9Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 2;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;">图1 深井村社区规划师培训</p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.75" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xhib33GrVtwBpoCiaMPfqCdeJjEf7eSCGFupB0HOYn81bNkogAVSoZ0Bw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">图2 云吟村乡村规划方案讨论</p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: right;margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 75%;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 16px;border-radius: 16px;width: 85%;margin-top: 11px;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(188, 227, 249);"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">  规划师应该是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">主持者(Moderators)和促进者(Facilitators)</strong>。</p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 0;margin-top: 29px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(188, 227, 249);"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.85" data-type="png" data-w="20" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xxMHP0O7dHricLTKMbNKWuBBLcLxxhg7Wib6PUTcmbG518xHQW9n8jKdQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="width: 60px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 10px;width: 40px;line-height: 0;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1" data-type="png" data-w="80" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xwy6ey8UKtDCB0z4gUX0QXkhJxQMEOJvu4ThDvY1eZAybdap2l6NH0g/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">在20世纪70年代质疑多元政治模式和价值中立观点的背景下，Webber（1978）认识到公民利益的多样性，认为规划应当包容多元化的差异，是具有说服力的规划（persuasive planning）。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划师应作为主持者（Moderators）和促进者(Facilitators)，作为主持者，规划师应采用多种方式鼓励公众发表意见；作为促进者，规划师应鼓励多方主体就某一议题进行讨论。</strong></span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">而在实践中笔者也发现，传统问卷调查和访谈的征集意见形式往往难以吸引公众兴趣，规划师有必要结合参与主体特征组织创意的公众参与活动。如通过在深井村举办大学生规划作品展和“一起聊聊深井”茶话会，引导街道、村委、企业、社会组织和村民等不同利益相关方就深井村保护与活化问题展开讨论（图3）；在火龙冲村小学进行儿童手绘课堂教学，鼓励小学生以绘画的方式表达对火龙冲村的美好愿景（图4）。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.8777778" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xibibMvybSCXEhibV6TqRhiaR9zJZTWtbrNjAtEyIEptia2KVGPTPMhJEGEA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 2;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图3 深井村茶话会</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.75" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xXXrtxxDPwfVw80m9eIR67KUTzrMgXlRtXMjOHibCrI4X6qlvc53uDqw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图4 火龙冲村儿童创意手绘课堂</p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: right;margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 75%;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 16px;border-radius: 16px;width: 85%;margin-top: 11px;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(188, 227, 249);"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">规划师应该是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">协商者(Mediators)</strong>。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 0;margin-top: 29px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(188, 227, 249);"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.85" data-type="png" data-w="20" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xxMHP0O7dHricLTKMbNKWuBBLcLxxhg7Wib6PUTcmbG518xHQW9n8jKdQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="width: 60px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 10px;width: 40px;line-height: 0;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1" data-type="png" data-w="80" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xwy6ey8UKtDCB0z4gUX0QXkhJxQMEOJvu4ThDvY1eZAybdap2l6NH0g/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">同时，Forester（2006）认为，面对多方主体的冲突，规划师仅作为主持者和促进者是不够的，虽然鼓励多方发表意见可以促进相互之间的沟通，但并没有办法解决争议中面临的具体问题。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划师要充当协商者（Mediators），承认利益相关者不同的利益诉求，寻找多方同意的解决问题方式，通过沟通协商力求使多方达成规划共识。</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在笔者看来，协商者是规划师在规划过程中充当的核心角色，有效的沟通协商能够推动共识的形成。如在深井村正吉小院文创沙龙活动中，多个商家有着自身的利益诉求，但就文创历史街区的发展难以达成一致，规划师通过提供多方沟通的线上和线下沟通平台，尝试在商家中推行长期的文创组织制度（图5）；在西城社区航空新城小学学道改造讨论中，家长对于儿童学道改造的诉求和道路交通分时段管制矛盾，规划师基于多方主体共同关注儿童上下学安全的出发点，推动多方共同形成儿童学道改造方案（图6）。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.75" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xWyy9orBic0HQRs7HEMQFmYYASZC0ibZiakib2smfYicxuXznxQv52XCpj8Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 2;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图5 深井村正吉小院文创沙龙 </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.6666667" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xVXDXJjtVAricjEriaFapMGmYWHdMMjd0pkE53CgL358yPU1KQ1r0Ajbw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图6 西城社区儿童学道改造讨论</p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: right;margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 75%;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 16px;border-radius: 16px;width: 85%;margin-top: 11px;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(188, 227, 249);"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">   规划师应该是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">学习者(Learners)</strong>。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 0;margin-top: 29px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(188, 227, 249);"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.85" data-type="png" data-w="20" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xxMHP0O7dHricLTKMbNKWuBBLcLxxhg7Wib6PUTcmbG518xHQW9n8jKdQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="width: 60px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 10px;width: 40px;line-height: 0;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1" data-type="png" data-w="80" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xwy6ey8UKtDCB0z4gUX0QXkhJxQMEOJvu4ThDvY1eZAybdap2l6NH0g/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">除此之外，Innes和Booher(1999)认为，参与者将他们经验、观点、方法等带入到对话形成共识的过程，是参与者之间相互学习的过程。因此，在与公众沟通时，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划师需要放下专业角色赋予的身段，以群众为师，学习规划技能以外的专业技巧，在每一个事件的过程中精进改造空间所需的实践能力，规划过程也是规划师不断自我完善的学习过程。</strong></span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">在新屋场村休憩广场设计讨论中，规划师向村民学习，如何结合本地气候搭配毛竹等树种更适宜广场的环境，如何巧用镂空砖和不锈钢材料使得广场更有设计感；在云吟村和村民讨论蜜蜂养殖产业过程中，规划师了解到冬蜜和春蜜的区分，以及如何种植树木花草使蜂蜜产量更高更好。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.75" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xw6whztFiagE7Up5piaia5zqFsIWKFyuFWWFb6Gt6JOvUSODyMWHsQRRzw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 2;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图7 新屋场村休憩广场设计讨论</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 90%;height: auto;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.75" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2xVcknXxW0qGrQnxQa3niaYeHnlIQic3tjicKPKwdt1A7mQyOX7l8Vol56A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图8 云吟村蜂蜜产业策划讨论</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 10%;height: auto;vertical-align: bottom;border-bottom-color: rgb(184, 206, 211);border-bottom-width: 6px;border-bottom-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(184, 206, 211);font-size: 24px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">03</strong></p></section></section><section style="border-width: 0px;width: 90%;height: auto;padding-left: 10px;vertical-align: bottom;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -5px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 20px;height: 20px;overflow: hidden;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1" data-type="gif" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/yXntXceyB7icbCSyXlJNkJydRBusmnC2x3Jp84YSeLkZXWRHUg2XFIXOMxicOG85ZJgnTiaTNuXfhx8m5jGGy1Zxg/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">作为“规划师（Planners）”的规划师</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">从Davidoff最早提出规划师应作为倡导者角色以来，规划师被赋予了<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">倡导者、主持者、促进者、协商者、学习者</strong>等多种角色，结合规划理论和实践，笔者进行了深入思考：</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">首先，在规划师扮演的诸多角色中，“沟通”是规划师工作的核心。</strong>作为沟通式规划理论的基石，Habermas的理想沟通情景提供了沟通式规划的准则，并以此来评价规划实践中的人际沟通情景。沟通理论思潮认为知识和行动并不是静止的，而是通过社会的交往过程能动建构的，而规划中的“沟通”正是一种重要的社会实践过程，参与者在此过程中能动地构建其思维方式、价值判断和行为方式。因此，不管规划师扮演什么角色，最重要的职责是推动多方主体的沟通。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">其次，虽然规划师在规划过程中扮演了诸多角色，但“规划师（planners）”——依然是融合了多个角色意义，自始至终必须坚守的角色。</strong>规划师具有公众不具有的专业知识和技能，这也使得规划师成为了一个专业职业。尽管沟通协商是解决多方利益冲突的核心，但更需要基于规划师专业知识能力来实现。运用专业知识，针对特定问题，引导多方参与，主持议题讨论，调解利益冲突，融合多方意见，制定拥有坚实理论与实践基础的规划方案；针对方案的实施，拟定行之有效的行动计划；总结规划成果与实践经验，将其上升为具有借鉴意义的研究内容，促进规划学科的发展等等，这都是规划师在规划中应该恪守的本职。</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">参考文献</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">Davidoff P. Advocacy and pluralism in planning[J]. Journal of the American Institute of planners, 1965, 31(4): 331-338.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">Webber M. A difference paradigm for planning[J]. Planning theory in the 1980s: A search for future directions, 1978: 151-162.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">Forester J. Making participation work when interests conflict: Moving from facilitating dialogue and moderating debate to mediating negotiations[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006, 72(4): 447-456.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">Tayebi A. Planning activism: using social media to claim marginalized citizens’ right to the city[J]. Cities, 2013, 32: 88-93.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">Innes, J. E., & Booher, D. E. (1999). Consensus building as role playing and bricolage: Toward a theory of collaborative planning. Journal of the american planning association, 65(1), 9-26.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">李郇，刘敏，黄耀福. 共同缔造工作坊: 社区参与式规划与美好环境建设的实践[M]. 科学出版社, 2016.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(105, 100, 123);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">初审：李郇</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(105, 100, 123);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">审核：刘晔</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(105, 100, 123);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">终审：邓孺孺</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding-top: 2px;padding-bottom: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 4px;margin-top: -3px;box-sizing: border-box;float: left;transform: rotate(0deg);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="border-radius: 100%;width: 4px;height: 4px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;float: left;background-color: rgb(207, 190, 120);"><br  /></section><section style="border-radius: 100%;width: 4px;height: 4px;line-height: 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