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<section style="display: none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"><br  /></section><p style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.134375" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohYic4cYPibbyIuL7mo9FSiaLW50CKnnSkGWPOODjJKPA2z8ZibaoTQpyfx0DchXnwovtTVmaDsSscQaaw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640"></p><p style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="577" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="320" data-ratio="0.5558035714285714" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohY66547e4W51iap8oIEqY3FQU19BNe3k4lx8QhB1T1Somh0R8ZWiboIJ3aWhCtxJZZCwYiacf91vUibWA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="896" style="height: 321px;width: 577px;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">来源 | 广东省城乡规划设计研究院</span></strong><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">撰稿 | 市政所 叶震民</span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">审核 | 市政所 凌霄</strong></span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">编辑&播音<strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"> | </strong></strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">总工程师室 </strong>蔡焕仪</strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><audio style="width:100%" src="https://res.wx.qq.com/voice/getvoice?mediaid=MzU2MzAwODQ4N18yMjQ3NDk0Njk2" controls="controls"></audio></section><p><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section style="margin: 10px 8px;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 16px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.75em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 677px;vertical-align: top;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-bottom: -25px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 200px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dGvCuns07Zynn7lkOwMWPXVJN0UEYofrrfbNwXRZITibMeMDKr0YKd41A/640?wx_fmt=png");overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-top: 15px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 17px;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 2px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 0px 2px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color: rgb(158, 122, 88);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">规划FM·听书堂</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 30px 15px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 677px;vertical-align: top;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;background-attachment: scroll;border-color: rgb(158, 122, 88);border-width: 2px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dG0Jf5MvIGXcxibOeWRp7Oba6j6ic3S7NSiageYbGPkvv8HrUibbpoJnvSgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;color: rgb(115, 75, 37);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">每个行业领域里，都有值得品鉴的书。这些书有的是历经时间检验的经典，有的是引领专业发展的著作，有的是总结实践经验的宝典。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">读着这些书，也是同作者一起分享智慧。每每开卷，总像金屋打开一扇奇妙的门，离心灵最近。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“”全新打造重点栏目——规划FM·听书堂，焕仪请您听本书。</strong>朗朗书声，一字一句，让我们用声音联系在一起。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-top: -30px;margin-bottom: -10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: right;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.24;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 100px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dG138PCy1rT4VCgnDuPtP8hfibFBRtUsDE97R5U0t9qfNc45kcKTu1ib9A/640?wx_fmt=png");line-height: 0;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 16px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"  /></section></section><section style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></section><p><br  /></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">每一个清晨，走出居住的小屋，我们常常会看到这样的景象——三两成群的老人们身穿太极服前往晨练，或一身休闲装扮蹲在街道旁打谱对弈，上学路上的孩子们在路边打闹，热气腾腾的早点摊旁，摊主正在忙碌，这是极其富有中国特色的一幅画面。在欧美的城市里，这些景象可能会变成打扮时髦前卫的绅士和年轻女孩穿行于街道，流浪艺人在喧闹的路口展示自己的才华，咖啡厅从雕花的窗口漏出几丝暖色调的灯光。</span><span style="color: rgb(65, 70, 75);"><span style="font-size: 14px;">人们或许有文化和教育上的差异，但有一点是共通的——他们对这种景象感到舒适和愉快，尽管</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">他们可能并没有对这一切太过留意。</span></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">当城市扩张的洪流覆盖这一切，高耸的大楼和川流不息的道路把这一切从人们身边割裂，人们往往才会感到若有所失。</span></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br  /></p><p style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">这些街头巷尾，被威廉·H·怀特称作“小城市空间”，他用一句话描述了这个词——</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">小城市空间是一种可以让人绽放笑容的地方。</strong></span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="1.4108108108108108" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohY66547e4W51iap8oIEqY3FQxptd2iaOQ7hIy1yAIbXsuTcXdLjic8AkWXBVEHrjXtf2ibH1ufSVmBBQQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="740" style="box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 14px 0px;width:55%;height:auto;"></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">[美] 威廉·H·怀特 著， 叶齐茂  倪晓晖 译</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">上海译文出版社 ， 2016.3</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><br  /></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(115, 166, 132);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.6em;padding-right: 4px;padding-left: 4px;border-radius: 6px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(65, 70, 75);"><strong>01 背景</strong></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -10px;border-radius: 6px;height: 20px;background-color: rgb(115, 166, 132);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">城市中无处不在的小空间汇集在一起，形成了对城市质量判断的一个重要层面，当这些空间不够成功，人们便会躲避这些街道，甚至选择离开城市重归乡村。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">在上个世纪，美国有过这样的潮流，一方面是因为受到所谓的生态环境保护主义者的鼓动，另一方面则是一部分视城市扩张为洪水猛兽的人，想以此扼制城市的扩张。然而，正如我们所知道的，城市蔓延的脚步不会停下。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">那么我们可以换一个视角，去学会“保护城市”——通过改造街区去保护城市生态。</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">威廉·H·怀特是美国《</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">财富</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">》杂志编辑，是美国关于城市、人与开放空间领域最有影响力的评论家和社会学家。他和他的团队花费了几十年的时间研究公共空间。在《小城市空间的社会生活》问世之前，他花了近十年的时间研究以纽约为主的一系列城市，观察和测量众多的小广场、小公园、小嬉戏场所和各种零星的公共空间，在编撰分区规划法令的同时，探究为什么有的公共空间运转良好，有的却不然。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">这本书就是从这一系列研究中诞生的关于所谓“街头巷尾”的经典著作，它由对各个要素的调研分析部分组成，结构上有所松散，但著作的核心却非常突出——小城市空间成功的要素和要素的相互影响与作用。</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(115, 166, 132);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.6em;padding-right: 4px;padding-left: 4px;border-radius: 6px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>02  成功小城市空间的要素</strong></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -10px;border-radius: 6px;height: 20px;background-color: rgb(115, 166, 132);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">什么是一个成功的小城市空间所应该具备的要素？</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">这个答案在世界范围内是基本一致的，它包括</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">广场、坐凳、阳光和风、树和水、食品、良好的街头和合适的容量</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">等要素，包括涵盖一些特殊的社会效应。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">但问题往往是当人们都已经清楚小城市空间的成功要素可以具化成什么内容时，我们依然可以发现，有的公共空间依然不尽人意。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">设计师在布置一个空间的时候，常常陷入一个想当然的境地，从而忽视了人性化考虑的问题。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">他们在一个空间里布置了广场，并配上了相应的坐凳，精心设置了采光和绿化，考虑了风和水的点缀，但最终诞生的作品仍鲜有人光顾。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">在怀特看来，基于人和人的使用而出发的观察、研究、分析和评估是必要的。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">对于可以坐坐的地方，不仅仅需要生理舒适，更重要的是社会舒适，一些别出心裁的想法也许比刻意的要素控制更有效果。在书中，西格莱姆广场是一个频繁被提起的典例。它几乎没有设置坐凳，没有安装栅栏的花坛边沿、没有过分装饰的扶手，简单宜人的台阶却给了人们极大的自由——在利用高程差制作出的台阶空间上他们可以随意坐下，充分地利用着这一片空间。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.5641025641025641" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohY66547e4W51iap8oIEqY3FQkymwrTcibVVlFcnzrlrSdVKnPxpUgk75ibBfZrHu1hHPttz8xcJurFKA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="858" style=""></section><section style="line-height: 2em;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">西格莱姆广场的坐凳利用</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">阳光、树、风和水等要素的布置同样需要基于人的评估。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">避开建筑高度问题而采取的借光，光线与树交织而成的阴影，这一类细节无疑可以直观地提升空间的舒适度。但对于这一类自然要素而言，人们最渴求的是感知。即便不是一个自然主义者，人也总是亲近于自然的。将这类自然要素置放在空间之中，竖起一块“不得入内”的牌子，直接拉起了栅栏或电网，这实际上是在把要素带来的社会生态效益又拿了回去。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">我们时常担心开放会带来人为破坏，但实际上，在怀特的研究中，由于人为破坏而损失的社会效益往往小于周期维护所花费的效益——一个良好的空间生态会让人们自觉保护这片空间。</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">食品要素对于提升空间活跃度的作用则是无可置疑的</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">——在书中几乎是在所有的要素中正面评价最高的一个。事实上我们也很难想到，在任何一条街道或一个广场里摆上一个小吃摊有什么不妥，当然环卫工人们或许会有些不开心，但这已经属于城市管理应该解决的问题。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">值得注意的是，食品设施的簇团效应是极为突出的。</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(115, 166, 132);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.6em;padding-right: 4px;padding-left: 4px;border-radius: 6px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>03  不友好要素</strong></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -10px;border-radius: 6px;height: 20px;background-color: rgb(115, 166, 132);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">提到对一个空间来说不友好的要素，或许我们每个人都有自己的答案，但怀特的回答却令人惊讶——他认为是</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">巨型建筑和商业中心。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">他认为</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">这种城市堡垒作为商业发展的最终开发形式，过于强调自足而将其本身与城市分割开，独立于周边的事物，用水泥和钢筋将其中的人们封闭起来。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">尽管几乎所有的人们都被这种商业中心的魅力吸引，怀特依然强调，巨型商业中心应该与街道和城市联系起来，弥补其身的不足——让人不知时刻、不知季节乃至于不知道自己的位置，甚至让人怀疑自己还是否在原来的那座城市里，因为一切都是相似的。对于这种设计师打算用于拯救市中心的捷径，怀特少有地用了一句激进的话评价：</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">“它们是过去时代的最后震荡，是未来城市的一种可悲模式。”</strong></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.677319587628866" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohY66547e4W51iap8oIEqY3FQtB1BZ7z7lwWdKCMnXmgKia7wZbZA31PCImN7CH0dJjUdHpVbj8xUkiaA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="970" style=""></section><section style="line-height: 2em;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 127, 131);font-size: 12px;">底特律复兴中心的外墙</span><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(115, 166, 132);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.6em;padding-right: 4px;padding-left: 4px;border-radius: 6px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>04  要素的相互作用</strong></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -10px;border-radius: 6px;height: 20px;background-color: rgb(115, 166, 132);box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 0;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">回过头来说要素的相互作用，我们现在可以把街头的概念拿出来聊一聊了。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">街头往往是指广场或公园一类的公共开放空间与道路交通的交汇处，好的广场出自街头，两者的相互促进带来了“事件”的发生。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">街头所需要的成功要素往往与广场一致，当这些都具备的时候，街头就会起到一个双向的作用。人们会在广场与街头之间流转，走过这条路，人们就会想去广场里转转。怀特认为，两者之间可以设置台阶，但应当保持处在同一水平线——人的感官是倾向于空间处于视线之中的。纽约的布莱恩特公园便是因为与街头间的台阶过高导致利用率低下，成为了毒贩和小偷的天堂。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">相同的道理，下沉式的空间也不讨喜，但也有一个例外。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">当这种空间与先前提到商业中心相结合的时候，反而有着极佳的效果，人们的购物需求偏好这样的地理环境。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">百老汇的下沉式广场也非常受欢迎，低于地平面的广场内的娱乐表演，构造出了剧场的感觉，再加之周边的坐凳和咖啡厅，使之成为了当地最受欢迎的公共空间之一。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">综上而言，要素的相互作用过程，实质上就是一个空间生态的营造过程，其核心就在于因地制宜和以人为本。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">这是在城市开放空间建设中，首要考虑的和需要发展的。这种理念在国内也并不鲜见，成都的公园是其中一个很好的例子。结合当地相对缓慢的生活节奏，一张桌子，一壶茶、一副麻将，几个简单而合理的要素便营造出了独特的生态空间。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.6680555555555555" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohY66547e4W51iap8oIEqY3FQMR0y7fWNmnp1ZNWdwAhyYteEbwAx5r2Avzdzz72n3NiaLLesYb4BE7Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="720" style=""></section><section style="line-height: 2em;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(123, 127, 131);">成都公园（图片来源网络）</span><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">通读全文可以得知，小城市空间最重要的要素，毫无疑问是人。</strong>在书的最后，怀特提出了让空间场所运转的一个因素——<strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">三角效应。</strong>作为第三者的外部刺激会给人们带来沟通与交流，这种外部刺激可以是人本身，也可以是一个形体对象或场景。这种外部刺激不一定是值得赞赏的，有时候糟糕的行动更容易引起人们的共鸣，就像两个陌生人会因一个街头艺人的糟糕表演而交谈起来，而他们的交流又成了新的“第三者”，串联起了更多的人和事。我们会发现，总有一些事件在调和公共空间的气氛，引发人群的互动，而这又产生了新的事件，发挥着类似的作用。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(65, 70, 75);">人们会自</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">觉地去调整公共空间的运作，甚至包括调整一个空间的有效容量——当一个环境呈现社会适宜的时候，空间上挤一点是可以接受的。<strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">而小城市空间的塑造则需要留意人们的调整方向，公共空间的建设最需要的就是人们的观察和评估。</strong>城市不只应该是经济机器、交通节点或商业中心，更应该是人的居住地，是一个个我们应当会心一笑的街头巷尾的集合。</span><strong style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">毕竟，城市是为人服务的。</strong></section><section style="line-height: 2em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);"><br  /></strong></span></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages __bg_gif" data-ratio="0.2168141592920354" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/JARNncAyohaRLfq5Yic1FCmdAmvao2BfXsZOVdkq3cBQHIqlfiad5WicI2KNyTWCDwYKSE1ckrcsHPDU1h9dsO2fQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="452" style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 16px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 386px !important;"></span></p><section><mpcps frameborder="0" class="js_editor_cps" data-datakey="1592296644621_0.18011453382638343" style="width:100% !important;border:0;" data-uid="1592296644618" data-type="1" data-product="" 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border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 549.094px;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(189, 189, 189) 0px 0px 4px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2MzAwODQ4Nw==&mid=2247494652&idx=1&sn=ec4e2a145cad84a55f91144afad6229a&chksm=fc626d74cb15e46225203a01f9618f64ae435f0dcc168f95f45b84603520ae373ee69933c05c&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="1"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" 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0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><h2 style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">点击图片阅读全文 </h2></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;text-align: center;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 549.094px;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(189, 189, 189) 0px 0px 4px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2MzAwODQ4Nw==&mid=2247494628&idx=1&sn=4dff7b7da1ad30fccb8ae626f74ffbce&chksm=fc626d6ccb15e47a38e824db845d2ca6feb2e9f2566aa0f52576e863768e279d4ec0a4f35683&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="1"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" data-positionback="static" style="top: auto;left: auto;right: auto;bottom: auto;"><img data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="549" data-cropsely1="0" 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break-word !important;"><h2 style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">点击图片阅读全文 </h2></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="white-space: normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;text-align: center;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 549.094px;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(189, 189, 189) 0px 0px 4px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2MzAwODQ4Nw==&mid=2247494569&idx=1&sn=db159f18ac3ba70b92b20d64a57a4384&chksm=fc626d21cb15e437b0edf2c6813dbe1d915d0b3c9d586a3b5523f035a136a15041d6c0e66e79&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="1"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" data-positionback="static" style="top: auto;left: auto;right: auto;bottom: auto;"><img data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="549" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="250" data-ratio="0.45151033386327505" 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100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2MzAwODQ4Nw==&mid=2247494508&idx=1&sn=39a924be2a2acbdcd71713b0a4a419f7&chksm=fc626de4cb15e4f293370d3ae0302bcb34eed1c8a45074d0dc49081463dc48979a3fcab94e1d&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="1"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" data-positionback="static" style="top: auto;left: auto;right: auto;bottom: auto;"><img data-cropselx1="1" data-cropselx2="550" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="304" data-ratio="0.4546899841017488" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohY66547e4W51iap8oIEqY3FQDloo3GehdoaWibx1iabYmVGAksZ6r9Lic6pEfwLROibu4v670dD2GxjIYA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="629" 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normal;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;text-align: center;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(0, 0, 0);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 549.094px;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(189, 189, 189) 0px 0px 4px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU2MzAwODQ4Nw==&mid=2247494439&idx=1&sn=404b4306f7b36bf1e79a96670d6e0cf5&chksm=fc626dafcb15e4b90bd77eb4514d7566a6cbea79c9ea7adde787cb628da826e5bebfc1f29d66&scene=21#wechat_redirect" textvalue="你已选中了添加链接的内容" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="1"><span class="js_jump_icon h5_image_link" data-positionback="static" style="top: auto;left: auto;right: auto;bottom: auto;"><img data-cropselx1="1" data-cropselx2="549" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="251" data-ratio="0.4529505582137161" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbTTK0OPD8Jn1h9X0MicOsVU5U96gbcfSKRGFibvtCNqibeZZoMFzpsAfOQ82EcmLztDHTe1K9MVAP9A/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="627" style="height: 251px;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 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