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<section style="display: none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"><br  /></section><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.134375" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohapBhTNnQnCZ35f9RRcPzCoRQbkB8gnhBs7R9fZ6lAbZpPUATDEJKoGmOylo31fMf7IgXfsyAXxMg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style=""  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">来源 | 广东省城乡规划设计研究院</span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">撰稿 | 建筑院 何佳泽</span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">审核 <span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">| <strong style="max-width: 100%;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">建筑院 吴校军</span></strong></span></strong></span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">编辑 | 总工程师室  蔡焕仪</span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.4255555555555556" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHkGmkXxiblAErn9jQMuzIOlx1n2LBP88mDPR9TojhLwTnMEN5ZjqRP9Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="900" style=""  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">全文共<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">4342</strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">字，阅读大约需要<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">14</strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">分钟</span></p><hr style="max-width: 100%;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-style: solid;border-right-width: 0px;border-bottom-width: 0px;border-left-width: 0px;border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;transform: scale(1, 0.5);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><section style="max-width: 100%;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></strong></span></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 30px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-style: solid none none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(252, 180, 65) rgb(251, 227, 185);padding-left: 25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin-top: -27px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 3px;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 100px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(252, 180, 65) rgb(252, 180, 65) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(315deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45px;height: 45px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 100%;border-color: rgba(254, 210, 117, 0.5);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.99;margin-top: 22px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 34px;color: rgb(252, 180, 65);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding-top: 15px;padding-left: 20px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin-top: -31px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(252, 180, 65);padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;color: rgb(52, 110, 183);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.8;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1.4px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1.4px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1.4px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1.4px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">热舒适</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.1 热环境</span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></strong></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">建筑的主要功能是在自然条件不能保证令人满意的条件下，创造一个微环境来满足居住者的安全与健康以及生活生产过程的需要，因此从建筑出现开始，“建筑”和“环境”这两个概念就是不可分割的。从躲避自然环境对人身的侵袭开始，随着人类文明的进步，人们对建筑的要求不断提高，至今人们希望建筑能满足安全性、功能性、舒适性、美观性的要求。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">建筑环境可以分为建筑外环境和建筑内环境两类，其中建筑内环境又可以分为热环境、声环境、光环境和室内空气品质四个方面，</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">如图1所示。热舒适就是从建筑舒适性的角度出发，是建筑热环境的评价指标。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.803838" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHBJ57FWtlnhkhCNN8eYDsvUo6tmQW0rIu4Rx4wO8Hekx9g1qKqeZzpQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="469" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图1 建筑内环境的分类</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.2 热舒适的定义[1]</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">热舒适这一术语在研究人体对热环境的主观热反应时被广泛应用，舒适的感觉是生理和心理上的。</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">ASHRAE Standard 55 [2]中对热舒适有明确定义, 热舒适是对热环境表示满意的意识状态；Gagge教授[3]和Fanger教授[4]均认为热舒适为“热舒适”指的是人体处于不能不热的“中性”状态。即认为“中性”的热感觉就是热舒适。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">还有一种观点认为热舒适与热感觉不同。1917年Ebbecke指出“热感觉是假定与皮肤热感受器的活动有联系，而热舒适是假定依赖于来自调节中心的热调节反应”[5]。Hensel[6]认为舒适的含义是满意、高兴和愉快，Cabanac认为“愉快是暂时的”，“愉快实际上只能在动态的条件下观察到……”。即认为热舒适是随着热不舒适的部分消除而产生的。当</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>人获得一个带来快感的刺激时，并不能肯定其总体热状态是中性；而当人体处于中性温度时，并不一定能得到快适条件。</strong></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.3 热舒适的机理</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">热舒适这一主观术语可以从传热学的角度对其进行客观解释。自然界中，到处存在温度差，热量将自发地由高温物体传递到低温物体，热传递就成为一种极为普遍的物理现象。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>热传递过程是由导热、热对流、热辐射三种基本热传递方式组合形成的。</strong></span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">人与环境之间无时无刻不发生着热量的交换。机体内的营养物质经过代谢、转化及利用，最终变为热能，通过循环血液将热量传递到体表，散发到外界环境。也就是说，机体通过体温调节机制调控产热和散热两个过程，维持正常的体温，即体热平衡。人体热平衡方程如公式（1）所示，由Fanger首先提出。当机体的产热量大于散热量时，S＞0，此时体温升高，热舒适状态表现为热；当机体的散热量大于产热量时，S＜0，此时体温降低，热舒适状态表现为冷；散热量与产热量相等，即S=0时，机体处于热平衡状态，热舒适状态表现为中性。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.1183801" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHXNLIO0UyNEuibNTPicQcSQd00nVHPxLPdRiaw09o1zkxpfKXpcpg0TFWQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="321" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（1）公式中：</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">M——人体代谢率；</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">W——人体做的机械功；</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">K——皮肤表面的导热换热量；</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">C——皮肤表面的对流换热量；</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">R——皮肤表面的辐射换热量；</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">E——皮肤表面汗液蒸发的潜热散热量；</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">Cres——呼吸时的对流散热量；</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">Eres——呼吸时的潜热散热量；</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">S——人体蓄热量。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.4 热舒适与暖通空调设计</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">建筑为人类谋求生存和发展提供 了极为重要的环境条件，而建筑环境质量的提升仍是人类无尽的追求，由此孕育形成了一门重要的建筑环境控制与保障技术——供暖通风与空气调节（简称“暖通空调”）。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>这门科学遵循“以人为本”的宗旨，运用供暖、通风和空气调节这类技术来消除多变的自然环境、人员、照明、设备及工艺带来的热、湿及其他污染源的干扰，为人类创建一种健康、舒适而又富有效率的建筑环境，满足人们在生活、工及其他活动中对室内环境品质日益增长的需求。</strong></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过暖通空调设备的使用来调节室内环境的温度、相对湿度、空气流速等参数以达到舒适的目的。在从事暖通空调设计的工作过程中，需要对建筑热环境以及处在此环境中人员的热舒适状态进行预测。为此，丹麦的Fanger教授通过引入反应人体热平衡偏离程度的人体热负荷而得到PMV（预测平均评价，Predicted Mean Vote）指标。其理论依据是当人体处于稳态的热环境下，人体的热负荷越大，人体偏离热舒适的状态就越远。即人体热负荷正值越大，人就觉得越热；反之负值越大，人就觉得越冷。同时，Fanger教授通过收集受试者在室内参数稳定的人工气候室内进行热舒适实验的冷热感觉资料，得到了热感觉与环境参数之间关系的回归公式[7]，如图2所示。PMV值对应的冷热感觉详见热感觉7点标尺，如图3所示。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.1628289" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHicTr71HhGXJR5aty1qPOO2A0vpApf3MlkX2Ql6TuWMNr2wI7yqnzqCg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="608" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图2 PMV回归公式</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2009724" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHbJEK47FqokD5GLVp3J8H2EBjr4YuEYN5q6jiabIokZZf0cKMvicBuicFA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="617" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图3 ASHRAE热感觉7点标尺</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">PMV指标代表了同意环境下绝大多数人的感觉，所以可以用来评价一个热环境舒适与否，但是人与人之间存在个体差异，因此PMV指标并不一定能够代表所有个人的感觉。为此，Fanger教授又提出了预测不满意百分比PPD（Predict Percent Dissatisfied）指标[7]来表示人群对热环境不满意的百分数，并利用概率分析的方法，给出PMV与PPD之间的定量关系，如图4所示。国际标准化组织提出了室内热环境评价与测量的标准化方法ISO7730，该标准采用PMV-PPD指标来描述和评价热环境。从图4中可以看出，当PMV=0时，PPD=5%，意味着在室内热环境处于最佳的热舒适状态时，仍然有5%的人感到不满意。因此，ISO7730对PMV-PPD指标的推荐值在-0.5~+0.5之间，相当于人群中允许有10%的人感觉不满意。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0148515" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHd9RzI66ZDiazIsEn2ukF4KadGdJdMsSXE1j9vRs8pxDjVVIrRib7ooog/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="404" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图4 PMV与PPD的关系公式及曲线</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 30px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;border-style: solid none none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(252, 180, 65) rgb(251, 227, 185);padding-left: 25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin-top: -27px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;padding: 3px;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 100px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(252, 180, 65) rgb(252, 180, 65) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(315deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45px;height: 45px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 100%;border-color: rgba(254, 210, 117, 0.5);box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.99;margin-top: 22px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 34px;color: rgb(252, 180, 65);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;padding-top: 15px;padding-left: 20px;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin-top: -31px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(252, 180, 65);padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;color: rgb(52, 110, 183);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.8;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1.4px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1.4px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -1.4px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px -1px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1.4px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) -1px 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">热舒适与节能</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.1 可持续发展</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">能源是社会发展的重要物质基础，在国民经济中具有显著的战略地位。</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">人类文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源的升级。建筑环境质量的保障总是要以资源、能源的巨额消费为代价。国际能源署（International Energy Agency, IEA）</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;">在2017年的《世界主要能源统计报告》中指出</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">，建筑能耗占世界终端能耗总量的35%，中国作为能源消耗最高的国家之一，其能源消耗占全球终端能耗的20.4%。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据热力学定律，即热力学第一定律，能量守恒定律；以及热力学第二定律，热量可以自发地从温度高的物体传递到较冷的物体，但不可能自发地从温度低的物体传递到温度高的物体，不可能从单一热源吸取热量，并将这热量完全变为功，而不产生其他影响。暖通空调技术在改善建筑环境的同时，也在消耗着电能、化石能源等能源，造成空题污染以及资源浪费。在夏季也会降室内多余热量排放到室外，加剧城市热岛效应。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">人类在前一阶段为追求舒适和局部效益而无节制地消耗能源、破坏环境的行为已经显现出严重恶果——全球暖化（温室效应）及臭氧层被破坏等问题已严峻地摆到世人面前。鉴此，人们不得已不进行认真反思，并竭力在高质量环境需求与节能、环保之间寻求最佳平衡。于此，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>基于保护地球资源与环境的可持续发展战略因之成为世界各国的共同纲领，所谓可持续建筑（sustainable building）与绿色建筑（green building）的概念也被提了出来。</strong></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.2 节能措施</span></strong></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">从热舒适的角度出发，本着以人为本的原则，在保证人员热舒适的基础上，可以从以下几个方面入手来达到节能的目的：</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(65, 70, 75);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.2.1 行为调节</span></strong></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">江亿院士指出，推动建筑节能应重视使用和行为因素的变化趋势的引导和控制，充分考虑使用和行为的因素。人行为是影响建筑能耗的重要因素，其对能耗的影响程度相当于设备性能。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">热适应观点认为，实际建筑中的人并非仅仅是环境的被动接受者，同时还是能够进行自我调节的适应者，人们会通过改变行为或逐步调整自己的反应以适应复杂的环境变化。</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">针对不同室内环境下，人员为达到热舒适的目的而进行的行为调节如图5所示。在非空调采暖环境中，人们通常可采用开门窗、风扇、改变服装等主动方式来改善自身的热舒适水平，此外，偏热环境下，人们通常采用风扇，或是开窗引进自然通风，以增加室内空气流动，从而降低人体“热”感。这些方式可以有效地缩短全年空调采暖时间，或减小空调采暖功率，从而达到节能的效果。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5526316" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHV2yltRKxvpxA2eo7DuaFXzw0KGTibbcCuH0LkvO8BglQtoD0vwQAAibw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="608" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图5 热环境人员行为调节</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.2.2 热舒适区间的研究</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">目前使用的标准中温湿度的设置均主要基于人体舒适，但同样也均基于 PMV-PPD热舒适模型。这一模型在世界范围内得到了广泛的应用，但已经被越来越多的研究证实与实际情况存在较大误差，而且在一些特殊的气候区域同样会产生很大的误差。这主要是因为不同地域的不同人群形成了特定气候背景和生活行为方式下的适应性，而这一适应性的差异会影响该区域的室内环境舒适温湿度范围的设置，这在标准中缺少相应考虑。因此有必要在充分考虑人体对气候适应性的基础上，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>明确不同气候背景下温度和湿度对人体舒适的影响，从而制定对应的空调环境设计和运行策略。</strong></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">图6为目前热舒适标准中非空调环境室内热舒适区（可接受率为80%），包含美国标准ASHRAE 55、欧盟标准EN 15251和我国标准GB/T 50785[8]。不同标准中热舒适区的差异较大，且主要表现在热适应模型和热舒适区的带宽以及可接受温度的上、下限等方面。热舒适区的带宽决定了相同室外温度下，人们可接受温度的范围，实际上反映了热适应对热舒适的影响程度。各热舒适标准中可接受温度的上、下限也有所差异。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7897623" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHNjq7bPibC9tNQMyPmMtnDdJ3Q6NsxoIHbiciakwia6FXGRBKWqe9nuHPcg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="547" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图6 不同热舒适标准中非空调采暖的室内热舒适区[8]</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">重庆大学的谈美兰博士分析夏季空气湿度和风速对 PMV 和 SET 的影响，对夏季空气湿度和风速对人体热感觉的影响的评价方法进行了探讨[8]，如图7所示。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>得到了夏季不同相对湿度水平下可接受温度上限以及不同可接受温度下的相对湿度上限，同时得到了夏季风速对可接受温度的影响程度，以及不同可接受温度下对应的风速范围。</strong></span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3553055" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHsK85ot96k9XblCqEFHicicQkTheUuTOFkicDrOzXV2yhf4Adj7HvSia0Dw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="622" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图7  相对湿度及风速对可接受温度的影响修正[8]</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">重庆大学的李超博士通过实验研究了相对湿度对人体热舒适影响及其在春季、夏季和冬季的差异，获得了80%可接受的舒适区图，结果如图8所示[9]。该综合舒适区图同时满足热可接受，湿可接受和感知空气品质要求，不同季节舒适温度和对应的舒适相对湿度可以从该综合舒适区获得。三个季节对舒适湿度的不同要求也反应出人体对湿度感知的季节适应性。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7294118" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPH5f3265wXTTWhNuDAJkmia0POTaCWzqNrkOKaZ0jcE4hU6SH3RUhibsSQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="595" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图8 不同季节的舒适区[9]</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.2.3 气流组织</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">目前，民用建筑中最常见的气流组织形式为混合通风以及置换通风。混合通风是指利用送风射流的诱导作用，把处理好的空气从房间顶部的送风口送入，射流而出的新鲜空气带动周边的污浊空气形成旋转的涡流,在旋转的涡流中进行热湿交换。置换通风是将经处理或未处理的空气，以低风速、低紊流度、小温差的方式，直接送入室内人员活动区的下部。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>这些气流组织形式均能有效的改善室内热环境及室内空气品质。</strong></span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7651934" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHbM1rvmpibQ1ibC8qeDI1bFK7nNiaJgVt17RYtbvaIPNEaQfA3HtHdNkgA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="362" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图9 个性化送风实验</span></p><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">无论是混合通风还是置换通风，整个室内空间的温度场较为均匀，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>在改善了人员活动区热环境的同时，也改善了非人员活动区的热环境，造成一定的能源浪费。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">同时，前文提到，由于个体差异的存在，室内热环境处于最佳的热舒适状态时，仍然有部分人感到不满意。在建筑能耗日益增大的当下，以及节能减排号召的呼吁下，个性送风这种空调形式应运而生，以满足非均匀环境舒适性的需求。个性送风因其健康、舒适的特征被广泛应用于办公建筑等民用建筑中。图9为个性化送风实验照片，研究表明，局部气流温度会在很大程度上影响人体的整体热感觉和热舒适。</span></p><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0112994" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHVfgpZy0ePpOic1nbnaXiaiazR8YINa5j1eUMRNVhQPK4ibicEITAY2VtEzQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="354" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图10 层式通风室内温度场模拟结果[10]</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0112994" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHVfgpZy0ePpOic1nbnaXiaiazR8YINa5j1eUMRNVhQPK4ibicEITAY2VtEzQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="354" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图11 层式通风室内PMV场模拟结果[10]</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.616307" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyoha7BxU9R62bibzP8qH94uVPHic6J379Syd0DFQpDdlg4YicvkgUicCfTxp9Og10HKzApt45eMeNR1QnbQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="417" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图12 层式通风室内PPD场模拟结果[10]</span></p><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(65, 70, 75);">呼吸区空气质量及温度场对空调房间内的工作人员的热舒适、健康及工作效率有较大的影响。香港城市大学的林章等人提出了层式通风的方式，通过模拟、实验，合理地布置送排风口并设计送风量，将处理过的空气直接送达人体呼吸区，在房间下部形成良好的新鲜空气层，同时产生的温度梯度满足热舒适性要求。层式通风具有能耗低，呼吸区空气品质好以及热舒适性好等特点。采用计算流体力学CFD的方法对夏季层式通风效果进行模拟，结果如图10~12所示，可以看层式通风对于人员活动区的室内环境改善较为明显，而对于房间上部等区域不做过多的空气调节，垂直温差在3℃以上，在房间内人员PMV-PPD满足热舒适要求的同时，有效地减少了房间内空调负荷，从而达到节能的效果。[10]</span></section><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><hr style="border-style: solid;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;transform: scale(1, 0.5);"  /><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">参考文献：</span><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[1] 朱颖心. 建筑环境学[M]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2013.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[2] ASHRAE Standard 55. Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy[S]. Atlanta: American society of heating, refrigerating and air conditioning engineering, Inc, 1992.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[3] A. P. Gagge. Introduction to thermal comfort[C]. INSERM, 1977.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[4] Fanger P O. Thermal comfort - analysis and application in environment engineering[M]. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 1982.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[5] 赵荣义. 关于“热舒适”的讨论[J]. 暖通空调, 2000, 30(3).</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[6] H. Hensel.Thermoreception and Temperature Regulation, London: Academic Press, 1981.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[7] Fanger P O. Thermal comfort. Analysis and applications in environmental engineering [J]. Thermal Comfort Analysis & Applications in Environmental Engineering, 1972.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[8] 谈美兰. 夏季相对湿度和风速对人体热感觉的影响研究[D]. 重庆：重庆大学,2012.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[9] 李超. 相对湿度及其动态变化对人体热舒适的影响研究[D]. 重庆：重庆大学,2018.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[10] Yong C, Zhang L. Technical feasibility of a stratum-ventilated room for multiple rows of occupants[J]. Building and Environment, 2015, 94: 580-592.</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><strong>-END-</strong></section><section style="text-align: right;"><br  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section 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