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<section style="display: none;" data-label="powered by gulangu" data-tools="gulangu"><br  /></section><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" style="" data-ratio="0.134375" data-type="png" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohapBhTNnQnCZ35f9RRcPzCoRQbkB8gnhBs7R9fZ6lAbZpPUATDEJKoGmOylo31fMf7IgXfsyAXxMg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-s="300,640"  /></p><p style="text-align: right;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;white-space: normal;min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br  /></p><section style="text-align: right;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><section style="text-align: right;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" style="width: 578px;height: 320px;" data-ratio="0.5546875" data-type="jpeg" data-w="896" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohZzX0GcFhL2awPR4UG8vICeBWiaJJKB5SFtWJl2Ff1X1qOWe0GiahnJQ9KhzzLsK2Xdw0pd0YDkYNOw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-s="300,640" data-cropy2="500.7058823529413" data-cropy1="4.650519031141869" data-cropx2="896" data-cropx1="0" data-croporisrc="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZzX0GcFhL2awPR4UG8vICeEp6jFSBSWZZqXGsriaYibBU6EbyhmPnBFjZhmXGpChp9LJCibauyrtia0A/0?wx_fmt=png"  /></p><section style="text-align: right;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></strong></strong></strong></span></strong><br  /></section><p style="text-align: right;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;white-space: normal;min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">来源 | 广东省城乡规划设计研究院</span></strong><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section style="text-align: right;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">撰稿 | 粤西分院 林倩茹</span></strong></section><section style="text-align: right;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">审核 | 规划一所 龚斌</strong></span></strong></section><section style="text-align: right;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">编辑&播音<strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> | </strong></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">总工程师室 </strong>蔡焕仪</strong></strong></strong></span></strong></section><p style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><section><audio style="width:100%" src="https://res.wx.qq.com/voice/getvoice?mediaid=MzU2MzAwODQ4N18yMjQ3NDk1MDMz" controls="controls"></audio></section><p style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></p><section style="margin: 10px 8px;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section style="width: 677px;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: -25px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-position: 50% 50%;width: 200px;height: 50px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dGvCuns07Zynn7lkOwMWPXVJN0UEYofrrfbNwXRZITibMeMDKr0YKd41A/640?wx_fmt=png");overflow: hidden;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-attachment: scroll;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-size: contain;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 15px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 2px;font-size: 17px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 0px 2px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color: rgb(158, 122, 88);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">规划FM·听书堂</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="background-position: 50% 50%;border-width: 2px 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(158, 122, 88);padding: 30px 15px 10px;border-radius: 0px;width: 677px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dG0Jf5MvIGXcxibOeWRp7Oba6j6ic3S7NSiageYbGPkvv8HrUibbpoJnvSgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");background-repeat: no-repeat;background-attachment: scroll;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-size: cover;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="color: rgb(115, 75, 37);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;font-size: 14px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">每个行业领域里，都有值得品鉴的书。这些书有的是历经时间检验的经典，有的是引领专业发展的著作，有的是总结实践经验的宝典。</p><p style="min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">读着这些书，也是同作者一起分享智慧。每每开卷，总像金屋打开一扇奇妙的门，离心灵最近。</p><p style="min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“”全新打造重点栏目——规划FM·听书堂，焕仪请您听本书。</strong>朗朗书声，一字一句，让我们用声音联系在一起。</p><p style="min-height: 1em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: right;margin-top: -30px;margin-bottom: -10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;opacity: 0.24;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-position: 50% 50%;width: 100px;height: 50px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZ2ENMh835MSYNKvflu70dG138PCy1rT4VCgnDuPtP8hfibFBRtUsDE97R5U0t9qfNc45kcKTu1ib9A/640?wx_fmt=png");line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-attachment: scroll;vertical-align: top;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-size: contain;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="letter-spacing: 0.54px;font-family: -apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Helvetica Neue","PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei UI","Microsoft YaHei",Arial,sans-serif;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" powered-by="gulangu"><br  /></section><p><br  /></p><section style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">乡土景观的形象是普通人的形象：艰苦、渴望、互让、互爱。只有体现这些品质的景观，才是真正美的景观。</span></span></section><section style="text-align: right;line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">——杰克逊</span></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">乡土景观一直存在，但作为景观进入到人们的视野，受到欣赏并带来更多有意思的乡土景观，则是近现代才完整地被人提出来。景观在一定程度上，表现了一个地方人们及其生活方式。但是在过去人们的认知里，“景观”和“乡土”是不挂钩的。事实上，中国社会掀起乡村景观、乡村生态游的热潮，也只是近十来年才有的事情。都市化浪潮所带来的一系列社会问题，使得人们开始怀念曾经居住过的小镇形态，怀念儿时走过的那条乡间小道。于是，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>乡土景观成为了人们抒发乡愁的载体，开始去发现和找寻那失落的乡土景观。</strong></span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="1.2388535" data-type="png" data-w="314" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZzX0GcFhL2awPR4UG8vICeeLJkw7wvHRozblMxVWqoA32zDFwICJJAQUnNJYvNVLEJaUqScGUFTg/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">作者：[美] 约翰·布林克霍夫·杰克逊</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">译者：俞孔坚/陈义勇等</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">出版社：商务印书馆</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">出版年：2015-5</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">美国杰出文化地理学家、作家约翰·布林克霍夫·杰克逊，在其所著的《发现乡土景观》一书中表明，乡土景观具有很多特点，机动性、暂时性、变化性，但最重要的还是其适应性：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">乡土景观是生活在土地上的人们无意识地、不自觉地、无休止地、耐心地适应环境和冲突的产物，乡土景观是人们生活环境相互作用而留在大地上的印记。在书中，杰克逊详细论述了认识和研究乡土景观的方法，探索了景观本身的历史，探索景观是如何形成、如何改变、被谁改变的，通过阅读此书，将有助于我们理解中国城镇的乡土景观。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255, 214, 49, 0.5) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);vertical-align: top;border-left-color: rgba(124, 92, 0, 0.58);border-left-width: 3px;border-left-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(124, 79, 0);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 2px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">一、如何理解乡土景观</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 1px;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(124, 92, 0, 0.7) 30%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">1、乡土景观的含义</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">乡土景观（vernacular landscape）是时间的见证、可见的历史，由变化无常的自然（包括洪水、干旱、瘟疫等）和文化（语言、宗教、政治）反复作用而最终形成，本质上是一种文化景观。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>它是人类无数次与自然灾害作斗争的结果，是朴素的生态经验，是场所精神的寄托，是人类“生存艺术”的结晶。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">与政治景观毫不考虑所在地的地形及文化特点相比，乡土景观不断变化，它适应自然环境、适应人的需求、适应时代的需要。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">杰克逊认为，把乡土景观当一种类型研究，可以得出：</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">乡土景观的空间通常很小，形状不规则，很容易受到用途、所有权、规模迅速变化的影响；房屋，甚至村庄本身，不断扩大、缩小、改变形态、改变位置；总是存在大量的公共用地，如荒地、牧场、林地，在这些地区自然资源以零碎的方式被利用；其中的道路主要是小道或小巷，从来无人维护，也很少是永久性的；最后，乡土景观是分散的小村庄，是田野的集合，是人烟稀少的海上的小岛，或者一代一代改变的废弃地，没有留下宏伟的纪念物，只有废墟或者少量更新的迹象。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.627907" data-type="png" data-w="602" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZzX0GcFhL2awPR4UG8vICeCV9BicOhaKOohhTSiaWLicWJn4bFicjMFEic7jTda8PntSYG1kyPzjpm8FA/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">古劳水乡的乡土特性</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">2、中国大地上的乡土景观</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">《发现乡土景观》译者，北京大学建筑与景观设计学院教授俞孔坚在序言中认为，</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">中国社会有着广泛的草根性和乡土性，据此列出了中国大地上三种景观类型。</span></strong></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">（1） 传统的乡土景观，</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">包括乡土村落、民居、农田、菜园、风水林、道路、桥梁、庙宇，甚至是墓园等，是普通人的景观，是数千年农业文明历程中，应对诸如洪水、干旱、地震、滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害，以及在择居、造田、耕作、灌溉、栽植等方面，无数的适应、尝试、失败和胜利的经验产物，是“生存艺术”的结晶， 是广大草根文化的载体，安全、丰产且美丽，是广大社会草根的归属与认同基础，也是民族认同的根本性元素，是和谐社会</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">的根基。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">（2） 政治景观，</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">在古代，如京杭大运河、万里长城、遍布全国的道路邮驿系统、宏伟的古代都城、奢华的帝王陵墓、儒家文庙；当代的城市景观大道、纪念性广场、行政中心和广场、展示型的文化中心、纪念性的体育中心、会议中心，甚至大学城等。这种景观贯穿封建社会，而且延续至今。景观各个时期有不同的风格，但它们都具有明显的可视性、尺度恢弘而呆板，服务于政治统治，彰显大一统民族的身份，但与普通人不甚相干，与草根文化和信仰格格不入。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">（3） 当代中国出现传统中没有的新景观要素：</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">体育广场、游乐场、社区公园、自然风景区、购物中心、加油站、街头小吃摊、城中村繁华的街道、杂乱的农贸市场、并不整齐划一的都市菜园等。这些景观有本土的，也有外来的，但它们都符合普通人的需求，适应环境并不断变化，是孕育中的中国新乡土景观。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(65, 70, 75);">3、政治景观与乡土景观</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span></strong></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">由此可见，如果将景观分成两部分，则可以分为政治景观和乡土景观。两者的区别就在于：政治景观不考虑其所在的地形及其文化特点，它是一种刻意创造、受到维护、受人支配的景观，创造政治景观的人会认为，景观是他一手创造的，是专属于他的，并且认为其能赋予他完全不同于其他人的地位。而乡土景观则将自己视为景观的一部分，是景观的产物，它符合乡土习俗，积极适应环境，随着人们试图与自然环境友好相处的过程中不断演化，是卑微的、难以发现的。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255, 214, 49, 0.5) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);vertical-align: top;border-left-color: rgba(124, 92, 0, 0.58);border-left-width: 3px;border-left-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(124, 79, 0);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 2px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">二、乡土景观发展困境</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 1px;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(124, 92, 0, 0.7) 30%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">在城市化快速发展、乡村生态游大兴的背景下，诸多地区打着“发展”的名义大肆“重建”和“美化”，那些透露着生活气息、具有自己独特个性的乡土景观特质正在不断消失，取而代之的则是小洋楼、大草坪、购物中心等，失去了场所本身所带有的本土文化的味道，而这些景观往往都不能长久存在的，是了无生气的。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">究其原因</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">，<strong>正是因为这些景观往往只考虑政治需求，而忽略了使用者，</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">也就是那些当地普通人的需求，脱离了当地的自然及人文环境，缺乏当地人的参与，最终人们对此无法产生认同感和归属感，更不能从中生出幸福感。最为典型的便是城中村，迫于政治压力，那些被城市包围的原始村落、城市中的街头小吃和路边摊这种具有乡土气息的景观元素以“整治”和“清理”的名头遭到打压，乡土景观呈现出艰难而畸形的发展状态。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>杰克逊在书中指出：“一个乡土景观，无论是美国西南部还是中世纪的欧洲，都是一种令人印象深刻的忠于传统习俗的展示，关于解决现实问题的无尽智慧。当我们在农业景观中看到，美国人如何成功地将自己创造的节律，改变动植物的生命周期甚至颠倒季节，我们开始意识到扮演了多么危险的角色。”</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">我们不想生活在一个被钢筋水泥包围的城市中，但我们同时又担任了创造这种环境的“始作俑者”。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(65, 70, 75);">作为规划设计工作者，未来我们又该如何改变这种境况呢？</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.7505938" data-type="png" data-w="421" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZzX0GcFhL2awPR4UG8vICeS61micbCKPtjehia74Htsjt7cFzAicNkCIG9QGcOhXt19ne8yic6gdAv0A/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图：农村绿化，呈现“失败的城市化”特征：观赏性树木+低矮乔木，严重不实用</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255, 214, 49, 0.5) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);vertical-align: top;border-left-color: rgba(124, 92, 0, 0.58);border-left-width: 3px;border-left-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(124, 79, 0);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 2px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">三、再现乡土景观</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 1px;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(124, 92, 0, 0.7) 30%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">面对这种困境，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>书中提出的观点就是，在城市吞噬乡镇、乡村及山林环境的同时，留出空间以局部再现乡土景观</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">。传统农业时代的景观地图已经被高速发展的城市化进程所改变，原来朴实的乡土图景已经被飞速拔起的高楼大厦、冰冷的生产机器、粗犷的硬质广场、相对无言的邻里关系所替代。而如今，我们能做的便是为仍然“幸存”的乡土景观争取一片土地，保护乡土景观组成元素，因地制宜地运用景观设计手法，在保存乡土元素的同时，融合现代文明，促进乡土景观的活化再生，并通过制定乡土景观保护的政策并实施下去，从法律层面进行保护，最终实现对乡土景观的综合保护。</span></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.5376506" data-type="png" data-w="664" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZzX0GcFhL2awPR4UG8vICeNicYRajibibEotaCXA680LztQVl51EGicwNfkznyb7RtopricbKgcRWqkpQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">杭州富阳东梓关回迁农居</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" data-ratio="0.7140719" data-type="png" data-w="668" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohZzX0GcFhL2awPR4UG8vICetsOFZTbhaqChoqZpOibfrUjbueQRTH16O0AqkYeAQky5fwFuuYfp5SQ/640?wx_fmt=png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">普利兹克建筑得主王澍的浙江文村</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255, 214, 49, 0.5) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);vertical-align: top;border-left-color: rgba(124, 92, 0, 0.58);border-left-width: 3px;border-left-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;"><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(124, 79, 0);line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 2px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四、结语</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 1px;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(124, 92, 0, 0.7) 30%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">阅读《发现乡土景观》，使得我们对近在身边的乡土景观有了重新的认识，</span><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);">杰克逊在书中清晰地刻画了人们对景观认识的变化过程：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">农业时代，景观本身是功能、赋予土地上人的身份；工业时代，景观是资源；后工业时代，景观是体验的场景。他高度赞赏农业时代和后工业时代的景观，认为他们才是符合人需要的景观，只有体现实质美的景观，才是真正美的景观。杰克逊所指出的这种景观之美也正是我们当前中国乡村建设中所欠缺的。</span><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">总而</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong>言之，乡土景观是一个独特的空间，它见证了人类从无到有的历史过程，是具有特殊的认知价值和文化意义的。</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px;">而在当下，当我们面对乡土景观时，应该明白乡土文化就是土生土长的文化，它不需要飞上天，它始终依存大地，踏实温暖。</span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><img class="rich_pages __bg_gif" style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 16px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 386px !important;" data-ratio="0.2168141592920354" data-type="gif" data-w="452" 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data-templateid="list" data-product="" data-uid="1593481974440" data-datakey="1593481974443_0.2805614070030422" frameborder="0"></mpcps></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><br  /></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>-END-</strong></section><section style="text-align: right;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;"><br  /></section><section style="font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;padding-top: 0.65em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 578px;height: 1px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(72, 72, 72);"><br  /></section><section style="margin-top: -0.65em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);height: 1.3em;line-height: 1.3em;padding-top: 1px;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;vertical-align: top;border-right-width: 3px;border-left-width: 3px;border-right-style: solid;border-left-style: solid;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">近期阅读推荐</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2em;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: 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