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<section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="color: rgb(226, 138, 53);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><img width="auto" style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 16px;height: auto;margin: 0px;max-width: 100%;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;visibility: visible;width: 100%;" data-ratio="0.08359375" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/VUQicaUeJAkQ4HAvV9ywJiap7GH3SLsdGjAj3IZNKmdwUue2iaRgjAqtVyPMJymnW5UZMibUQCSuZpYU1G8lqSF8yA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-backw="562" data-backh="48"  /></span></strong></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;line-height: 25.6px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 20px 0px 0.5em;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;line-height: 2em;font-size: 1em;border-left: 10px solid rgb(155, 215, 223);max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0em 0.2em 0.2em;overflow-wrap: break-word;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">《西方文明的文化基因》是梁鹤年先生的集大成之作。西方人对天地、对自己、对别人的看法决定了西方文明，他们“为什么”会有这样的看法？这些“为什么”，就是支配西方文明的文化基因，也是本书讨论的主题。“梁言实录”栏目从4月14日开始连载三位中国学者关于本书的读书心得，陪伴大家一起来认识和“解剖”<span style="background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);color: rgb(136, 136, 136);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">西方文明</span>。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></section><section style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-style: none;margin: 1em auto;padding: 0px;width: 100%;text-align: left;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;overflow: hidden;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" label="Copyright Reserved by PLAYHUDONG." donone="shifuMouseDownPic('shifu_p_029')"><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;width: 50%;vertical-align: bottom;display: inline-block;"><img title="https://image.ipaiban.com/upload-ueditor-image-20200413-1586769694271084427.gif" style="display: inline;height: auto;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;width: 100%;" data-ratio="1.3942307692307692" data-type="gif" data-w="416" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkQwwW2BMP4gbEADRsbjPiaicTykuxJGCMNiasjZTPhkDwUqiaUx6fl9BxmoZyybn04SoTmAwEzwia2ObHQ/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section><section style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;width: 50%;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: bottom;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">《西方文明的文化基因》</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;">[加拿大]梁鹤年</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;">生活·读书·新知 三联书店</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;">2014</p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(58, 95, 176);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: left;">【编辑荐语】生得无意义又活得不好是沉沦；生得有意义但活得不好是苦差；生得无意义但活得好是行尸；生得有意义而活得又好才是幸福。西方人怎样定义和追求生命意义？怎样定义和提升生活品质？现代西方以自由、民主、法治、人权、资本等理念定义自己、衡量别人。这些西方文明的变量来自哪里？将会把西方文明带到何处？有没有更深层次的文化基因衍生它们、驱使它们？本书通过历史背景、时代心态、民族性格和历史契机去探索西方文化基因的来源、演变以及它们对西方文明的影响。</span></section><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: right;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(58, 95, 176);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: left;">——摘自本书</span><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: center;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;line-height: normal;"><br  /></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><img style="font-size: 16px;height: 25px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;white-space: normal;width: 72px;" data-ratio="0.3466666666666667" data-type="gif" data-w="75" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/VUQicaUeJAkQ8JEeocP4xUFEXymwa97bTvJ83xt4wgz7CEAgaXml24mI93kydiakGmPgzEnvv5GsHUUOUJWhEibQg/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /> </span></p><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br  /></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(2, 30, 170);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 20px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第三章  </span></strong></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(2, 30, 170);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 20px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">“基督太平”：政治宗教化下的欧洲大一统</span></strong></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">从基督宗教诞生伊始，政教矛盾就随之出现且长期存在，期间，罗马帝国对基督宗教的政策也曾发生多次改变。公元325年，君士坦丁大帝召开尼西亚大公会议。这是世俗政权首次干预基督宗教教义，也是西方历史上政教关系演变的肇始。</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">奥古斯丁提出神的国度与人的国度——神的国度高于人的国度，教权在君权之上。他认为，神的国度的代理者是教会，教会有责任去实现神的旨意，世俗君王应服从于教会。奥古斯丁统一了教义上的分歧，稳定了教会组织。随着历史发展变化，奥古斯丁的观点却成为西方政教冲突的理论依据。</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">西罗马帝国灭亡后，欧洲进入“黑暗时代”。世俗政权崩溃，基督宗教（天主教）取代了世俗政权的部分功能，教会维持着社会基本秩序。随着查理曼统一欧洲，王权和教权恢复平衡。但在他死后，帝国分裂。罗马天主教廷与欧洲王国玩起了“权力游戏”，与东正教会分分合合，与伊斯兰教不共戴天。王权和教权相互利用，成为中世纪欧洲主要的“游戏规则”。</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">为此，阿奎那提出了四种“法”，也可以说四种理性：永恒之法、自然之法、人为之法、神圣之法。他在奥古斯丁的“神的国度”与“人的国度”相对应的神圣之法和人为之法中，加入了自然之法。自然之法是人的理性。简单地说，阿奎那通过加入人的理性考量来缓解政教冲突。</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">西方政教关系演变有复杂的历史背景，其主要原因是政教分离。而从奥古斯丁到阿奎那，都在试图缓和政教两者之间的矛盾。</span></section><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br  /></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">作者：<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">韩汉白</strong>，加拿大女王大学，博士研究生</span></p><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br  /></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><img style="font-size: 16px;height: 25px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;white-space: normal;width: 72px;" data-ratio="0.3466666666666667" data-type="gif" data-w="75" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/VUQicaUeJAkQ8JEeocP4xUFEXymwa97bTvJ83xt4wgz7CEAgaXml24mI93kydiakGmPgzEnvv5GsHUUOUJWhEibQg/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /> </span></section><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">天主教会主导的十字军东征使得其势力压倒其他基督教派。但东征途中教徒屠杀抢掠的行为，暴露其野蛮本质，也使得教会的权威和名誉受损，社会中因此出现了一些反对教会的思想，成为宗教改革的先声。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">但在文化上，十字军东征将基督教义和骑士精神传到东方，同时也使西欧人见识并接触到东方文明，如东方先进的纺织、染料、冶金、农业生产等方面的生产技术，尤其是拜占庭帝国保留的古典文献、阿拉伯的科学知识、中国的三大发明的传入，对欧洲的文艺复兴、经院哲学的产生和航海运动均产生了深远影响。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></p><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">十字军东征促</span><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">进了东西方文化的深入交流，改变了欧洲的发展历程和当时的世界格局。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"></span></section><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">作者：<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">邱燕</strong>，广州大学建筑与城市规划学院，讲师</span></p><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></span><img style="font-size: 16px;height: 25px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;white-space: normal;width: 72px;" data-ratio="0.3466666666666667" data-type="gif" data-w="75" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/VUQicaUeJAkQ8JEeocP4xUFEXymwa97bTvJ83xt4wgz7CEAgaXml24mI93kydiakGmPgzEnvv5GsHUUOUJWhEibQg/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">骑士精神是中世纪欧洲封建道德规范，其核心内容是忠君（忠于君主）、护教（维护基督教）、行侠（见义勇为）。骑士阶层属于贵族阶层，是维护封建统治阶级利益和基督精神的卫道士。战士贵族唯受君主差遣时才能够获得一定的政治权利和社会荣誉，由于其担负着维护封建统治、推行大义（基督教义）的社会职责，使得其行为具有“集体主义”色彩。但是，骑士为国效力、为民用命是为了功利主义的“个人所得”——地位、权利与荣誉。随着时代变迁，骑士精神逐渐发展为绅士风度，成为现代文明社会里男人的基本人格准则。然而，现今西方人所表现出来的勇气、力量、遵守诺言和约定等美德，仍以实现自我利益为前提，即对他人慷慨的前提是他人的行为并未侵害自身利益与自由。骑士精神演变下的西方道德规范也由重“教”发展成为“个人至上”。从当下西方国家疫情防控中面临的“集体封闭与个人自由”难题中，可以窥见一斑。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">面对全球性灾难时，人类社会更需要和谐平衡的“人人”关系。个人行为凝聚上升为社会风气，国家之间相依相赖。因为人类只有一个共同的地球家园，各国共处一个世界。</span><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">作者：<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">陈书琳</strong>，山东建筑大学管理工程学院，讲师</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br  /></p><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><img style="font-size: 16px;height: 25px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;max-width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;white-space: normal;width: 72px;" data-ratio="0.3466666666666667" data-type="gif" data-w="75" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/VUQicaUeJAkQ8JEeocP4xUFEXymwa97bTvJ83xt4wgz7CEAgaXml24mI93kydiakGmPgzEnvv5GsHUUOUJWhEibQg/640?wx_fmt=gif"  /></span></p><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 22px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">《西方文明的文化基因》目录</strong></span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;clear: both;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(9, 62, 134);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第一篇  源头</span></strong></p><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第一章  基督信仰成为崩溃中的罗马帝国的国教</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二章  基督信仰与希腊理性首次结合：奥古斯丁与柏拉图</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 104, 39);font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第三章  “基督太平”：政治宗教化下的欧洲大一统</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第四章  基督信仰与希腊理性二度结合：阿奎纳与亚里士多德</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第五章  西方第一组文化基因：“真”与“唯一”</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第六章  灾难来临：西方人心理失衡</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第七章  大变前夕：腐化的教会面对涌现的民族意识和人文思想</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(9, 62, 134);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二篇  物竞</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第八章  充满犯罪感的宗教改革</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第九章  宗教政治化的欧洲大混乱：西班牙帝国的盛衰与国家理念的抬头</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十章  迷惘、无奈的时代：命蹇的伽利略</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十一章  绝无原则的法国内争产出乐观、悯人的理性主义</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十二章  做梦的笛卡尔带出“天赋理念”</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十三章  绝对原则的英国内争产出悲观、功利的经验主义</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十四章  做官的洛克带出“天赋自由”</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十五章  理性主义与经验主义之争</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十六章  西方第二组文化基因：“人”与“个人”</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(9, 62, 134);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第三篇  天择</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十七章  理性主义与经验主义从和解有望到和解绝望</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十八章  法国从盛到衰：理性主义藏身于浪漫卢梭的“天赋平等”</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第十九章  大英崛起：斯密的“追求私利可达公益”</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十章  资本成形：达尔文的“自由竞争”是天演原则</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十一章  英、美交替：自由、资本交棒</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(9, 62, 134);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第四篇  适者？</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十二章  资本世界：功利文明全球化</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十三章  自由、功利压倒平等意识：资本主义腐蚀共产主义</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十四章  自由、功利战胜民族意识：资本主义击败国家主义</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十五章  自由、功利取代生命意义：资本主义吸纳存在主义</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"> </span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(9, 62, 134);margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第五篇  生存？</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十六章  个人：小我与大我、公众与公共</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十七章  “不损害别人自由的个人自由”是不可能的</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十八章  自由与平等</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">第二十九章  民主：“是人民的、由人民的、为人民的政府”可能吗？</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(51, 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2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">本文为本订阅号原创</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);text-transform: none;line-height: normal;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 17px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;word-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;orphans: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 0px;">欢迎在朋友圈转发，<span style="line-height: 25.6px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;margin-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-top: 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