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<section style="font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-right: 1px;padding-left: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.25" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5jMicwichYTwzicNjMq0cz7RoZwictcXY72HpUaAWuwC2d2LQFJsOhxCdUA/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section><audio style="width:100%" src="https://res.wx.qq.com/voice/getvoice?mediaid=MzU2MzAwODQ4N18yMjQ3NDkxNTc5" controls="controls"></audio></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">来源 | 广东省城乡规划设计研究院</strong></section><section style="text-align: right;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">撰稿 | </strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">规划五所 张兆东</span></strong></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;height: 0px;line-height: 0;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color:#3e3e3e;">全文共</span><span style="color: rgb(8, 90, 81);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2637</strong></span><span style="color:#3e3e3e;">字，阅读大约需要</span><span style="color:#085a51;"><b>6</b></span><span style="color:#3e3e3e;">分钟。</span></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">大家好，欢迎收听本期的规划FM。本期规划FM是由规划五所张兆东带来的《新城市科学》。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">在《新城市科学》一书中，作者迈克尔·巴蒂提出，我们绝不能将城市简单地理解为空间中的场所，而应当理解为网络（network）和流（flow）组成的系统。网络指组成城市系统各要素之间的联系，流代表着区位之间联系的强度。巴蒂认为，要理解空间，我们必须理解流，理解网络。巴蒂还借鉴复杂性科学、社会物理学、城市地理学的相关研究，提出了解释城市运行的深层结构理论与方法。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">巴蒂检视了城市规模、内在秩序、特征性交通路线、构造网络的区位等，介绍了从简单随机模型到自下而上的进化模型，再到交通与土地使用整合模型的模拟方法。借助这些理论和方法，他提出了设计和决策的模型，以预测城市未来的互动和流。全书强调了一个对未来城市研究和规划十分适用的概念，即城市设计是集体行动。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3886925795053005" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5KKHfpibKq031SpL12icz7xGswIkDRbGYJUpFaRO7gZvic2zXiblw3hiaZsA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="566" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">作者: [英] 迈克尔·巴蒂（Michael Batty）</span></section><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">出版社: 中信出版社</span></section><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">译者: 刘朝晖,吕荟</span></section><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">出版年: 2019年</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;height: 0px;line-height: 0;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(8, 90, 81);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01.</strong></em></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></section><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;">如何理解城市</span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">人们为了进行劳动成果交易而集聚一起，是城市出现的主要目的。对于“城市”的定义，半个世纪或更早之前，<strong><span style="color: rgb(8, 90, 81);">城市被认为是相互作用主体的确定集合的“系统”。</span></strong>随着城市化和全球化成为常态，城市的定义可能与过去5000年有很大的不同。我们更加关注于世界人口较为集中的城市体系，而不是单一城市。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">在古代社会和现代社会，交易是城市的重要的基础，但是随着互联网、物联网的快速发展，全球化的特征日益凸显，渐渐地会削弱对物质运动和物品交易的依赖。这样便导致对于城市的关注点发生变化，而非物质和社会性的交易将成为城市研究的焦点。因而，巴蒂教授认为要理解城市，建立一门能够理解城市增长、蔓延、衰退的科学，就必须将理论建立在如何彼此关联的思想基础之上。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding-right: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0637087599544937" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5kfyykwvn25qKXgmxR682lQgTUsbwGdhVBavg1z14OUW3YIy9lxFaibA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="879" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="padding: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">a 网络系统中对流进行扭曲</p></section></section></section><section style="width: 50%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7637906647807637" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5NekMr5VsTcawFM2EJup8GfnNmo8FCHtmicibzRff81cX8ALsplQdyUYA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="707" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="padding: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">b 网络系统中对流进行扭曲</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">图1 城市系统中“网络”和“流”特征</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">巴蒂也发现，过去一百年中，很多学者致力于建立城市科学的研究，但没有人能够成功提出像物理学那样被普遍接受的城市科学，也没有一种范式能主导我们对城市的理解。当前，对城市的新理解也在不断发展之中，巴蒂教授发现数字革命已经渗透到我们的文化之中，新的通信方式也改变了我们的城市，产生大量的信息数据也为我们研究城市发展提供分析和建模的素材。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(8, 90, 81);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02.</strong></em></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市的科学</span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">城市的本质是不同个体在时间额空间维度的相互作用。专家曾用极为生动的语言将城市描绘为人的连接载体。从各个方面来说，这也是城市科学的主旨。城市中发生的各种进程将人们聚集在一起，生产并交换物品和想法，并形成了众多网络，人们通过这些网络传递物质和信息来支持各种进程的发生。物质网络和社会网络曲线于在发展过程中相互促进和补充。从原始定居点这类最初的中心开始，个体通常会按比例被已经存在的点所吸引。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">经济交换的著名模型是基于这样的假设：个体行动者通过他们所掌握的商品，交换他们想要但却被其他行动者持有的商品，以增加自己的整体效用或满意度水平。这一理论假设存在一般性的经济均衡，其中交易或交换过程是市场结算和资源高效配置的基础。这个模型很容易被适用于土地市场，劳里已经使用过它对几个传统城市模型进行比较。这个模型将以两种方式体现：正是会计关系的集合以及作为输入-输出方程的集合。交换的本质是人们实际拥有和他们希望拥有之间的直接冲突。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">在本书中城市被抽象概括为流和网络的系统。<strong><span style="color: rgb(8, 90, 81);">巴蒂认为构建城市科学，需要大量方法论方面的考虑，并应当包容多种维度。</span></strong>因此，在前篇中他首先引入了一个关键概念，即将城市视为相互作用、沟通、关系、流和网络的集合，采用复杂性理论，将系统理解为自下而上的、由基本成分组成的层级结构，基本成分构成了网络，个体和组团在网络中通过社会和经济活动相互作用，系统的功能则是这些相互作用的表现。</section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.37890625" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5QzCNO6liaPg3q0YbsWluldt2KUEvPIpjrX2DY0MZAibeibVoOv4GdhIibA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="512" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">图2 大伦敦地区外在人口等级体系</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 24px;color: rgb(8, 90, 81);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">03.</strong></em></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;">设计的科学</span></strong></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">书中，巴蒂打了个比喻，认为考虑城市规划和设计等政府干预手段对城市的影响，就犹如科学家尝试在量子级别观察波和粒子的时候对宇宙运转的影响，这有助于我们理解城市。城市规划方案是解决冲突、持续达成对城市最佳未来共识的载体。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">在书中正如博尔定所说“世界的未来发展是决策的结果，而不是规划的结果。规划只在它们影响决策的时候很重要”。可见如何使规划设计在影响决策中发挥作用是研究关注的焦点。巴蒂提出的城市模型是考虑每个人都是整个演进过程的一部分，是一种“自下而上”的行为，由此开始探索如何构建这样的决策模型，并在与相应利益相关者的对话中应用。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">巴蒂认为科学任务就是在理论和实证上发现自变量和因变量之间的关系。即寻找一个变量集与其他变量集之间的因果关系。因此，设计被认为是遵循相同的结构，是对一系列自变量进行操作，使之综合和融合并形成一个结果，这样的过程便是“规划”或是“设计”。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9621848739495799" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5pmS0lxQFFpYGR06zosbfSYUibibrJb4cG9gFhxPcicmDhiczeDBut0k9xw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="476" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.37376237623762376" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5mFCJCZzxADsh3e7EuFHhibWlhk8guL5WVPLUS2mnMszjmRK01txKD7Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="404" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1894484412470023" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5ImiagpiaStbdIcia5gTLcAzWibsGqicNJfKCc7cgTDUHdP5JXgtUbib5xyhQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="417" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">图3 关键要素和用地（部分）选址方案</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">比如，在地方当局的资源奉陪问题上。如何考虑资源分配中行动者（利益相关者）、问题和政策。行动者权利、问题重要性、政策的意义都影响着一定总额的资源分配到各个实体的比例。但是，由于不同的行动者权利和利益诉求的不同，使得均衡分布反映在利益相关者之间的互动模式上。在问题方面，住房、教育、犯罪和医疗为预测为最重要的问题，而交通和休闲则成为最不重要的问题。因而，这样理论可应用在特定的领域。同时，不同的行动者在权利和政策制定问题上也有同样的体现。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding-right: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9941747572815534" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5eMouoFu3RhasP4NibguFaqX2bWnbV3oMYoQSxiahKaeOkIEWAKSJNicKA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="515" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="padding: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">a 决策制定体系结构</p></section></section></section><section style="width: 50%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8539156626506024" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5Wdh48FTCdibRwKZZx89sGNKEJwibTr1zx3S52FY6m4Oziac1pTONZicKjA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="664" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="padding: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(102, 102, 102);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">b 决策制定体系结构</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">图4 决策制定在资源分配中的应用</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">同时，在土地发展问题中，迈克尔结合交易的特点，需求和供给的动态调节影响代理人的行动，将交换的基本模型作为出发点，进而理解城市的发展。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding-right: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.394736842105263" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5qfib0icPnLz99ibCiaiaianf96hEuFy346ngWyicib5hPzNBR8iaIMQbzuTFV0w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="532" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="padding: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(102, 102, 102);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">a 决策制定行动者和事件</span></p></section></section></section><section style="width: 50%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3990267639902676" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5JX4PdicqbRWvq2nO3McjIApoBCDzjSLMKQ9yQDyuWc0d6Sg7ycRdHGg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="411" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="padding: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(102, 102, 102);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">b 建设形态与土地所有权格局</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9309352517985612" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5CyDcB5xNTtkibx1OZ28GL8ktNLmXfZyovJvO6g8w3F77DpV2LCAFzxw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="695" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 3px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">c 投资价值的平衡分布</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0348652931854199" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5xx59xyg02gZ6uFb7LZmuiaIJZIYlv1oGjujGxqfhTahzLbsfaC1jxibg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="631" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 3px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 11px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">d 土地所有权格局的均衡预测</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3016157989228008" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/JARNncAyohbu6omicm4W6SGGZzdPMWvz5nRkKrSft7L2RUVaojRCaer1po9V9bGNd03zUvy41YYg7MOv49HtIxw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="557" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 3px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 11px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">e 土地所有权格局的均衡预测</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;">图5 决策制定在土地发展中的应用</span></section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;">总而言之，随着城市化和全球化的发展，数字革命早已进入城市系统中，传统关注于城市物质空间场所的思想已不能全面的理解城市。而在城市研究领域并未形成受人信服的科学，迈克尔·巴蒂试图构建以数学为基础的一门新的“城市科学”，书中最大的亮点便是探索数学理论模型与城市实践的结合。</section><section style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;height: 0px;line-height: 0;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" 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