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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;" data-mpa-powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(24, 54, 118);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -30px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">导读</strong></em></span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(95, 156, 239);line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">近期，湖北省武汉市等多个城市发生新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情。目前，正值春节期间，做好疫情防控工作十分紧要，为此，习近平主席对新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情作出重要指示，他强调：“要把人民群众生命安全和身体健康放在第一位”，可见人民的身体健康和生命安全问题已得到高度重视，不可掉以轻心。已有研究表明，城市的规划与设计能够对人群健康产生潜在影响，如何通过规划促进公共健康已成为学界研究的重要课题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《城市规划》杂志2017年第7期曾刊载《为公共健康而规划——城市规划健康影响评估研究》一文（作者:丁国胜  魏春雨  焦  胜），该文结合我国公共健康面临的严峻挑战，进一步指出，展开城市规划健康影响评估工作的重要价值，并提出相应的政策建议。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 52%;padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px;border-style: solid dotted solid none;border-left-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);border-right-color: rgb(152, 152, 152);padding: 5px 0px 5px 10px;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文字数：</strong><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;">8342字</span></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阅读时间：</strong><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;">26分钟</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30%;padding: 0px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 24px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: transparent;border-radius: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3em;height: 3em;border-radius: 100%;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 100%;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bTlXRhZj5GciaXIhcP8CCoGtO3AhJ8ha6VCDGtMMiackJet4WsWFZWjLw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"> <img data-ratio="1" data-w="1024" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bTlXRhZj5GciaXIhcP8CCoGtO3AhJ8ha6VCDGtMMiackJet4WsWFZWjLw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-right-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">作者简介<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">丁国胜</strong> (1983-)，男，博士，湖南大学建筑学院助理教授、健康城市研究室主任、硕士生导师，本文通信作者。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">魏春雨</strong> (1963-)，男，博士，湖南大学建筑学院教授、院长、博士生导师。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">焦  胜 </strong>(1973-)，男，博士，湖南大学建筑学院副教授、副院长、博士生导师。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em;height: 2.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;line-height: 2.6em;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 50%;margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em;width: 0px;border-top: 1.1em solid rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;height: 1px;line-height: 0;border-left: 1em solid transparent !important;border-right: 1.12em solid transparent !important;"><br  /></section><section style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);display: inline-block;font-size: 21px;padding: 1px 5px 0px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">前  言</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在建设健康中国以及积极应对严峻健康挑战等背景下，公共健康已成为国内城市规划学界关注的新兴议题之一[1～7]。实际上，公共健康也是现代城市规划中一个历史悠久的议题。现代城市规划诞生的重要根源就是为了应对19世纪后期西方快速工业化和城市化过程中由于环境恶化、卫生设施短缺以及空气污染等造成的公共健康问题[8～10]。早期的理论家们也往往将健康城市或公共健康理念作为城市发展所追求的重要目标，比如理查森的《海吉亚：健康城市》(Hygeia, a City of Health)以及霍华德的田园城市理论。20世纪80年代世界卫生组织欧洲地区办公室启动的“健康城市项目”(healthy cities programme)更是在实践层面将健康城市建设计划推向全球，并引发广泛的健康城市规划研究[11]。时至今日，如何通过城市规划促进公共健康已成为当前规划研究和实践面临的前沿科学问题之一。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">已有研究表明[12]，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与设计能够通过对城市建成环境的塑造对人群健康产生潜在的积极或消极影响。</span></strong>因此，对城市规划决策和项目展开健康影响评估(health impact assessment)被认为是城市规划促进公共健康的重要途径。也正是因为如此，健康影响评估近年来在国际城市规划决策和实践中受到越来越多的关注。在研究层面，一些学者对城市规划领域中运用健康影响评估的价值、可能性和工具等问题展开了讨论[13～15]。在实践层面，一些城市努力探索将健康影响评估融于当地城市规划决策和项目当中，并开发出相应的评估工具[16～19]，以促进当地公共健康和发展健康城市规划策略。国内研究者也逐渐认识到我国展开城市规划健康影响评估工作的重要价值，并对相关问题展开了初步讨论[3,5,7]。但总体来说，我国城市规划健康影响评估工作还处于探索阶段，急需在理论和实践层面展开研究。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">美国北卡罗来纳州戴维森镇（the Town of Davidson）是一个运用城市规划健康影响评估帮助其实现公共健康促进目标的经典案例①，其经验对理解城市规划健康影响评估具有一定价值。基于此，本文拟对城市规划健康影响评估基础理论以及戴维森镇经验进行探讨，以期对我国展开城市规划健康影响评估工作有所裨益。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em;height: 2.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;line-height: 2.6em;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 50%;margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em;width: 0px;border-top: 1.1em solid rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;height: 1px;line-height: 0;border-left: 1em solid transparent !important;border-right: 1.12em solid transparent !important;"><br  /></section><section style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);display: inline-block;font-size: 21px;padding: 1px 5px 0px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划影响人群健康的若干认识</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.1  健康及其决定因素</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">健康“是一种在身体、精神与社会上感觉幸福和安宁(well-being)的完满状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病和虚弱”[20]，涉及到生理、精神、情感、智力、环境、社会、经济与职业等多个维度。人群健康是多种因素作用的结果。除了个人因素(基因、性别及年龄等)外，许多社会因素，比如贫穷、失业、缺乏营养与医疗、恶劣的居住条件以及环境污染等都能够造成严重的人群健康问题。世界卫生组织将其称之为人群健康的社会决定因素(social determinants of health)，并指出它们构成了人群健康改进的艰难梯度[21](图1)。</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5546296" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bLlnZHTCGFdo7JlrYWoM5kEGhDGCGhpHTfibrTa5RMnpIlCw1Q3XBYdQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图1  健康的梯度①<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">阐明决定人群健康的复杂因素和关系一直是研究关注的重点。达尔格伦(Dahlgren)和怀特黑德(Whitehead)建立的健康影响模型(图2)认为人群健康受到五个层次的影响[22]：个人遗传因素、个人生活方式、社会与社区网络、居住和工作条件，以及社会经济、文化和环境等因素，它们相互作用并最终影响到人群的健康状况(个人遗传因素看起来难以改变，但实际上也是外部因素不断作用和进化的结果)。巴顿(Barton)和格兰特(Grant)从健康与人居环境关系角度绘制了人居健康地图(a health map for the local human habitat)(图3)，将影响人群健康的圈层分为社区、地方活动、建成环境及自然资源等圈层[23]。这些圈层共同决定了人群的健康和幸福，而且圈层之间相互影响，任一圈层变动都会对其他圈层以及人群健康产生直接或者间接的影响。诺斯里奇(Northridge)和舒尔茨(Schulz)等尝试从宏观、中观和微观三个层面建立起人群健康促进的决定因素分析框架(图4)[24～25]，认为宏观层面的自然和社会因素可以通过作用于城市的建成环境和社会环境进而影响到人群的健康行为和状况，并最终产生不同的健康结果。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">这些研究都表明：人群健康与其生活的社会环境和物质环境存在极其密切的关系，它受到特定的经济、社会和环境的影响，是社会过程的产物。</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7111111" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bGIiajGiccLsgBgbr8m5KFaSwnRicWJZZndNuXvvsyha2ruLjAyAH2LsMg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图2  主要健康决定因素③</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.862037" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bV8SnKQcClaiaKgibicPMEAOEeJrIofuPwLA9sydRSlKiaAQEthAnc0S7HA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图3  人居健康地图④<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7518519" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0b0iaZHyOjQKhaSyrnLTMFqIqjAZP1zhGsPXsaHJTCQl60Ip3zwNyZiccg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图4  健康促进的社会决定因素⑤</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.2  城市规划对人群健康的影响</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划的制定和实施会直接或间接地影响到人类生存的物质环境和社会环境，并最终通过各种途径作用于人群健康</span></strong>[26～27](图5、图6)。以下在达尔格伦和怀特黑德所建立的健康影响模型基础上分四个层面进一步分析城市规划对人群健康可能产生的影响。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5416667" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bsYm225meQcgPFa28qv1YtUZqaaBYAcvcpoGRZicSCmKWqtibl4QUXb7w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图5  物质环境对人群健康的影响⑥</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5675926" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bV2S8ods3b1XEwkMB4bec8VeVyJ3kFcpLyiaxwQ890LVmRFvOo1dGRVQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图6  社会环境对人群健康的影响⑦</p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1)个人行为与生活方式层面。</strong></span>城市规划通过塑造城市环境影响到个人生活方式的选择，从而导致不同的健康结果。比如，人们散步、骑自行车和玩耍等身体活动很大程度上受到相关空间和设施布局的影响。一个适宜、安全、高质量和优美的环境会促进人们进行户外体育锻炼和休闲活动，鼓励人们选择步行和自行车交通，从而可以预防一些慢性疾病的发生。无障碍设施能够增加老人、儿童和残疾人的活动空间，帮助他们拥有更为健康的生活方式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2)社会与社区网络层面。</strong></span>城市规划通过社区和重要设施布局会影响到人群所处的社会与社区网络，从而影响到人群的健康。一个积极和健全的城市环境(比如有商店、广场、学校和公园等)能够确保人们日常交流，促进人们积极沟通，有助于人们缓解各种压力，消除孤独，从而能够改善人们的健康状况。而一个消极、缺乏公正、相互隔离、排斥甚至敌对的环境则难以支持人们建立积极有效的社会和社区网络，会产生严重的健康问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">(3)生活与工作条件层面。</strong></span>城市规划可以通过产业、交通、教育及医疗等对人们居住和工作环境质量产生直接和间接的影响，进而作用于城市居民的健康。比如，城市规划会影响到居住环境(住宅、日照、景观绿化及噪声等)的形成，从而影响到人们的居住选择，并最终产生不同的健康结果。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">(4)一般的社会经济、文化和环境条件层面。</span></strong>作为社会过程的重要部分，城市规划能够影响到复杂的社会、经济、政治和环境过程，对城市空间、交通、产业、居住、生态、文化、邻里、社区、空气以及环境质量等产生积极或消极的影响，并最终作用于人群健康。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em;height: 2.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;line-height: 2.6em;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 50%;margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em;width: 0px;border-top: 1.1em solid rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;height: 1px;line-height: 0;border-left: 1em solid transparent !important;border-right: 1.12em solid transparent !important;"><br  /></section><section style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);display: inline-block;font-size: 21px;padding: 1px 5px 0px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划健康影响评估的基本理解</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.1  健康影响评估及其发展</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">所谓健康影响评估，是“评判一项政策、计划或者项目对特定人群健康的潜在影响及其在该人群中分布的一系列相互结合的程序、方法和工具”[28]。健康影响评估的基本意图是分析和评估政策、规划、计划和项目等对健康结果(比如疾病、损伤以及精神失常等)、健康决定因素以及健康公平的潜在影响，进而提出管控健康影响和促进公共健康的措施和建议。值得注意的是，尽管决定人群健康的因素很多，但健康影响评估的工作对象往往是那些没有将健康促进作为其初始或者主要目标的政策、规划、计划和项目等[15]。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">健康影响评估在20世纪90年代作为独立的评估实践逐渐发展起来。1999年，世界卫生组织(WHO)欧洲地区办公室发布关于健康影响评估的《哥德堡共同议定书》[28]，对健康影响评估的概念、价值、方法及程序等进行了论述，确立健康影响评估的四条核心价值，即民主、公平、可持续发展以及证据的伦理使用，成为健康影响评估发展史上的重要里程碑。此后，许多国家和相关组织展开了类型多样的评估实践探索，推动健康影响评估的快速发展。目前，健康影响评估在世界范围内正处于蓬勃发展阶段，已经被广泛运用于交通规划、城市规划、经济发展、住房建设、城市更新、农业生产、社会福利、休闲游憩、营养和能源等项目之中。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">总之，作为一个有效的健康促进工具和方法，健康影响评估的价值在于将政策、规划、计划和项目等对人群健康及其决定因素的潜在影响及优化建议知会给决策者，以帮助决策者做出更加有利于公共健康的选择，进而达到提高公共健康水平的目标。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.2  城市规划健康影响评估的内涵、程序与工具</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划是健康影响评估的重要应用领域。</span></strong>参照世界卫生组织对健康影响评估的界定[28]，城市规划健康影响评估就是分析和评估城市规划决策和项目等对特定人群健康的潜在影响及其在该人群中分布的一系列相互结合的程序、方法和工具。它分析和评估城市规划决策和项目对人群健康及其决定因素(比如住房状况、空气质量、噪声问题、水质状况、公共服务、安全问题、教育就业、公园和自然资源、营养状况等)和健康公平的潜在积极和消极影响(图7)，同时从公共健康的视角提出管控和优化健康影响的建议和措施，并将其知会给城市规划决策者，帮助其做出更加有利于公共健康的规划决策。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6361111" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bYOiaroF5BR1dgt7NacwSWAqn6arzzq17ROeQ6YtDV7SX2iaMvb21IpzQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图7  城市规划健康影响评估逻辑框架</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与其他健康影响评估一样，城市规划健康影响评估的程序也大致可以分为筛选(screening)、界定(scoping)、评估(assessment)、建议(recommendation)、报告(reporting)、监测与评价(monitoring and evaluation)等六个相互影响的步骤(图8)。值得注意的是，这些步骤可以根据评估项目实际情况进行调整和完善。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0083333" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bBP0gB1mpsUkNibw0QzhibzouHF9vIQcj5fVqtIrJx1rGhk6ZVdaMHHEg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图8  城市规划健康影响评估程序</p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">越来越多的城市和地方政府开始将城市规划健康影响评估作为健康促进的重要实践加以探索，以帮助规划师将健康理念融入到城市规划决策过程之中。</span></strong>在实践探索中，一些城市已经开发出适合当地情况的城市规划健康影响评估工具，比如美国旧金山市公共健康部开发的健康发展测度工具(the healthy development measurement tool)(图9)、明尼苏达大学为规划师研发的“为健康设计”评估工具(the design for health)以及加拿大国家健康公共政策合作中心开发的社区健康影响评估工具(the community health impact assessment tool)等，它们极大地延展和深化了城市规划健康影响评估的内涵。可以预见，随着人们越来越认识到城市规划健康影响评估在改进公共健康和发展健康城市规划策略方面的价值，相关的实践探索将得到进一步发展。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8759259" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bH3oicGodDX6u2hI1Ca6OD0PKSBn6uQwqAtEjxuQ6VDkN4xrLRyZE1Gw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图9  健康发展测度工具运用于丹佛南林肯住区再开发项目⑧</p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em;height: 2.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;line-height: 2.6em;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 50%;margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em;width: 0px;border-top: 1.1em solid rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;height: 1px;line-height: 0;border-left: 1em solid transparent !important;border-right: 1.12em solid transparent !important;"><br  /></section><section style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);display: inline-block;font-size: 21px;padding: 1px 5px 0px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划健康影响评估的经验研究——以戴维森镇为例</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.1  基本情况</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">戴维森镇是一个位于美国夏洛特市以北20英里的小城镇(图10)，隶属北卡罗来纳州梅克伦堡县(Mecklenburg County)，2017年人口约为1.1万人，城镇面积5.1km2。戴维森镇政府较早认识到社区如何发展、规划与设计对城镇居民的身体、精神和社会健康将产生重要影响，并将<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">促进公共健康和创建充满活力的社区</span></strong>作为该镇发展的重要目标之一。为此，自20世纪90年代以来，戴维森镇实施了一系列旨在改进小镇公共健康的项目或发展原则，比如采取精明增长策略、倡导新城市主义、实施形态控制法则(form-based codes)以及建设完整型街道等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.178836" data-w="945" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bHoP3qt3WjkYp8Oiaib4YaYWwdGOEnBYAupXRGAQoibsIHaMqibdm2VK8pg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图10  美国北卡罗来纳州戴维森镇区位</p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2011年，戴维森镇获得美国疾病控制与预防中心资助，开始实施“戴维森为生活而设计”项目(Davidson Design for Life，以下简称“DD4L”)。“DD4L”重点是对戴维森镇相关城市规划决策和项目展开健康影响评估工作以及将获得的结论、建议或原则融合到当地规划发展和具体设计过程当中，以“帮助戴维森成为一个今天健康、明天更加健康的城镇，同时将其作为一个小城镇或社区实施健康设计的典范”⑨。在“DD4L”支持下，经过几年的努力，戴维森镇实施了一系列具体项目，对运用城市规划健康影响评估这一健康促进工具推动当地社区健康发展以及发展健康城市规划与设计策略等进行了有益的探索。以下对戴维森镇的相关经验进行简要介绍。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.2  戴维森镇总体规划健康影响评估</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2015年，为应对外部环境的挑战，戴维森镇开始总体规划修编工作。“DD4L”认为城镇总体规划会对戴维森镇居民健康状况及其决定因素以及健康公平等产生长远的影响，因而决定在修编之前对正在实施的总体规划展开健康影响评估。其目标是透过城市规划健康影响评估这一健康促进工具，站在公共健康的视角对当前总体规划进行分析和评估，发现当前总体规划存在的潜在健康影响，探索将公共健康的理念和相关指标纳入到戴维森镇总体规划修编当中，以促进社区健康发展。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">戴维森镇总体规划健康影响评估涉及到休闲和开放空间、健康食品、医疗服务、公共交通和积极交通、可负担性住房、经济与就业机会、邻里完整、邻里与公共空间安全、环境质量以及绿色和可持续发展等10个主题。评估工作在现状调研以及基线数据建立的基础上，根据这10个主题对戴维森镇原总体规划中各种影响人群健康的因素进行分析、比较和评价，然后从促进社区健康发展的角度提出相应的规划建议，为戴维森镇总体规划修编打下基础(图11)。</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8398148" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bduzmTzCFmGpRWFTdle0WcBm03ruA07FlGdaMCWT11z44CHBrRQiblZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图11  戴维森镇总体规划健康影响评估逻辑框架⑩<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.3  戴维森镇街道设计准则健康影响评估</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2013年戴维森镇启动规划条例修编工作，其中包括对道路设计准则的修编。道路设计准则涉及到新建道路的规划和建设相关要求，以及道路设施配置情况，比如信号灯、照明、行道树、步行道和自行车道等。“DD4L”认为街道如何规划和设计会对公共健康产生重要影响，启动了对原有道路设计准则展开健康影响评估的工作。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">戴维森镇街道设计准则健康影响评估重点从步行友好街道、自行车友好街道、公共交通友好街道和机动车友好街道等四个方面对已有的街道设计准则进行评估(图12)。通过评估，“DD4L”发现街道设计如何会对周围人群健康产生影响，包括由机动车事故造成伤亡的比率、身体活动水平、空气污染水平和呼吸系统疾病发病率，以及机动性与健康平等。同时，还发现交通安宁措施、提供步行和自行车设施对改进公共健康有积极的作用。最后评估工作还为戴维森镇进一步改进公共健康提出了许多具体的方法和手段，比如通过增加交通方式选择权利来提高身体活动和健康平等、通过减少机动车交通来减少交通事故、改进空气质量进而减少哮喘发病率等。</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3907407" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0byONUHFEXngCNsnD8vnfQFEkfic0ECHFqygicLh8LL0qxlIgV1dD1FAIQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图12  戴维森镇街道设计准则健康影响评估逻辑框架?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.4  其他城市规划健康影响评估项目</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">除以上项目外，“DD4L”还对公园、休闲和公共空间规划，交通规划，食物系统规划，“区划、设计与美学控制法案”，无障碍设计准则以及办公环境质量等展开了健康影响评估的实践探索。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">考虑到公园、休闲和公共空间等是改进城镇居民健康的重要因素，“DD4L”对戴维森镇公园、休闲和公共空间规划展开健康影响评估工作，提出诸如增加公园、休闲场所和公共空间等建议，以帮助当地居民特别是儿童、少数民族和低收入者等弱势群体改进个人健康。对交通规划健康影响评估则认为鼓励采取步行、自行车等积极交通方式在增进健康平等、促进身体活动和减缓慢性疾病等方面具有积极作用(图13)。通过对现有无障碍设计展开评估研究，认为应保障当地居民都能使用相应的设施，特别是身体残疾者和老年人，以帮助他们积极参与到当地的社会活动当中，从而改善他们的健康状况。对工作环境质量的健康影响评估则认为提高工作环境质量不仅可以改进工作人员的健康状况(成年人工作中患慢性病的数量日益增多，包括肥胖、高血压和高血脂等)，同时能够为企业节约经济成本。</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6824074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbVviblLmr3JJ1LnZykoIq0bKQDWOXDPk7ZgN7gWIMyIkMuuzRUxjHX1IAIZIEroMHjJKoia1vHkdAg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;">▲ 图13  戴维森镇步行和积极交通健康影响评估逻辑框架?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.5  经验小结</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“DD4L”探索实践对戴维森镇城市规划制定和决策工作产生重要影响。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">它不仅在帮助规划师和决策者将公共健康理念融入城镇规划与设计以及发展健康城市规划过程中发挥积极作用，同时还有力地促进了当地民众对公共健康和城市规划工作的广泛关注和参与。</span></strong>戴维森镇的探索实践近年来取得了一系列成果，比如获得“土地使用奖”(2017年)、美国规划学会的“美国伟大场所奖”(2016年)、“自行车友好社区奖”(2015年)、美国“树城”(2015年)以及“伟大街道奖”(2013年)等?。戴维森镇经验较好地展现了健康影响评估运用于城市规划与具体设计进而改进建成环境和社会环境的过程和原则，对其他类似探索具有参考价值。同时，戴维森镇经验表明，城市规划健康影响评估确实可以在理论与实践层面将城市规划与公共健康有机结合起来，能为城市规划决策者提供有用的健康影响信息，进而帮助决策者做出更健康的规划决策。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em;height: 2.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;line-height: 2.6em;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 50%;margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">五</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em;width: 0px;border-top: 1.1em solid rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;height: 1px;line-height: 0;border-left: 1em solid transparent !important;border-right: 1.12em solid transparent !important;"><br  /></section><section style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);display: inline-block;font-size: 21px;padding: 1px 5px 0px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结  语</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当前，我国正面临严峻的公共健康挑战。根据第五次国家卫生服务调查结果，我国居民两周患病率2008-2013年间从18.9%提高到24.1%，居民医疗费用负担也持续增加[29]。特别是，我国慢性疾病(比如肥胖症、代谢病及心血管疾病等)发病率近年来呈现明显增加的趋势，已成为我国居民的主要死亡原因之一。数据表明，15岁及以上人口有医生明确诊断的慢性疾病患病率由2008 年的24.1%提高到2013年的33.1%[29]，2012年全国居民慢性疾病死亡率为533/10万，占总死亡人数的86.6%[30]。正如本文表明的那样，城市规划健康影响评估通过分析和评估城市规划决策和项目对人群健康及其决定因素产生的潜在影响，并将其知会给决策者，能够在慢性疾病预防、响应公共健康挑战和健康促进中发挥积极作用。因此，在我国发展城市规划健康影响评估具有重要意义。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">目前我国健康影响评估还是作为环境影响评价的一部分而存在。2002年通过的《环境影响评价法》确立了环境影响评价的法律地位。2008年，原国家环境保护总局制定的《环境影响评价技术导则  人体健康》开始重视人体健康评估问题。但是，在实践中我国环境影响评估主要集中在空气、水、声环境的影响预测和评估，对健康影响的预测评估普遍缺失或十分薄弱[5,31]，难以满足人们对公共健康的关注与需求。正因如此，2016年我国通过的《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》要求全面建立健康影响评价评估制度，系统评估各项经济社会发展规划和政策、重大工程项目对健康的潜在影响。这为我国发展城市规划健康影响评估提供了前所未有的机遇。未来至少可以从如下方面展开工作：(1)加强教育和宣传，培育相关人才，达成发展城市规划健康影响评估的共识；(2)推动建立健康影响评估制度，使健康影响评估成为城市规划决策和项目的重要前置条件；(3)加强对公共健康与城市规划相互作用的基础理论研究，研发适合我国国情的城市规划健康影响评估技术[5]；(4)展开城市规划健康影响评估试点，鼓励将健康影响评估融入到城市规划评估、编制和决策过程之中，使其作为城市规划师的日常实践之一。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">总之，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划健康影响评估在理论和实践层面提供了一个将公共健康问题纳入城市规划决策和项目的有效工具和方法。</span></strong>我国发展城市规划健康影响评估不仅有利于改进城市社区人群健康，也能促进健康城市规划与设计的理论创新，将对建设健康中国以及应对严峻的公共健康挑战做出积极的响应。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">( 衷心感谢同济大学王伟强教授对本文的支持和指导，以及湖南大学何磊协助制作部分插图。)</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding-left: 1em;padding-right: 1em;display: inline-block;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.5em;border-radius: 0.5em;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" title="" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:70.title1"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释</strong></p></span> </section><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);margin-top: -1em;padding: 20px 10px 10px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">①  戴维森镇是美国东南部推动城市规划健康影响评估实践的代表城市之一。笔者2013年有机会访问该镇，对其城市规划健康影响评估实践进行了充分考察。②  根据参考文献21翻译绘制。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">③  根据参考文献22翻译绘制。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">④  根据参考文献23翻译绘制。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">⑤  根据参考文献24翻译绘制。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">⑥  根据参考文献26翻译绘制。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">⑦  根据参考文献27翻译绘制。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">⑧  翻译改绘于丹佛市住房管理局的《Use of the Healthy Development Measurement Tool in Denver》。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">⑨  来源：戴维森镇政府网站，http://www.townofdavidson.org/1047/Davidson-Design-for-Life/summit。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">⑩  根据戴维森镇《Health Impact Assessment: Davidson Comprehensive Plan Update》整理。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">?  根据戴维森镇《Health Impact Assessment on Davidson Streets Design Standards》整理。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">?  根据戴维森镇《Pedestrian and Active Transportation Plan》整理。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">?  来源：戴维森镇政府网站，http://www.townofdavidson.org/714/Awards-Recognition。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">参考文献</strong>（向下滑动查看）</p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;height: 240px;vertical-align: top;overflow-y: auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><section style="overflow-x: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(213, 209, 209, 0);padding: 0.1em 0.3em;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1  田莉, 李经纬, 欧阳伟，等.城乡规划与公共健康的关系及跨学科研究框架构想[J].城市规划学刊, 2016(2):111-116.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">TIAN Li，LI Jingwei，OUYANG Wei, et al. Relationships Between Urban-rural Planning and Public Health and Some Thoughts on an Inter-Disciplinary Research Framework[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2016(2):111-116.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2  刘正莹,杨东峰.为健康而规划:环境健康的复杂性挑战与规划应对[J].城市规划学刊,2016(2):104-110.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">LIU Zhengying，YANG Dongfeng. Planning for Health: Complexity of Environment Health and the Planning Responses[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2016(2):104-110. </p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3  王兰,罗斯 C.健康城市规划与评估:兴起与趋势[J].国际城市规划, 2016, 31(4):1-3. </p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">WANG Lan，ROSS C. Healthy City Planning and Assessment: Initiation and Trend[J]. Urban Planning International, 2016, 31(4):1-3.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">4  马向明，李永洁，王世福，等. 健康城市与城市规划[J].城市规划, 2014,38(3):53-55, 59.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">MA Xiangming,LI Yongjie,WANG Shifu,et al.Healthy City and Urban Planning[J]. City Planning Review, 2014,38(3):53-55, 59.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">5  丁国胜, 蔡娟. 公共健康与城乡规划——健康影响评估及城乡规划健康影响评估工具探讨[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2013(5):48-55.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">DING Guosheng, CAI Juan. Public Health and Planning: A Discussion on Health Impact Assessment and Tools for Urban and Rural Planning[J]. Urban Planning Forum,2013(5):48-55.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">6  李志明, 张艺. 城市规划与公共健康：历史、理论与实践[J]. 规划师, 2015(6):5-11, 26.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">LI Zhiming, ZHANG Yi. Urban Planning and Public Health: History, Theory, and Practice[J]. Planners, 2015(6):5-11, 26.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">7  李潇. 健康影响评价与城市规划[J]. 城市问题, 2014(5)：15-21.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">LI Xiao. Health Impact Assessment and Urban Planning[J]. Urban Problems,2014(5)：15-21.8  WHO. Healthy Cities and the City Planning Process: A Background Document on Links Between Health and Urban Planning[Z]. 1999:2-16.9  FREESTONE R, WHEELER A. Integrating Health into Town Planning: A History[M]//BARTON H, THOMPSON S, BURGESS S, et al. The Routledge Handbook of Planning for Health and Well-Being. London and New York：Routledge，2015：17-33.10  CORBURN J. Toward the Healthy City：People, Places, and the Politics of Urban Planning[M]. Cambridge: Mit Press, 2009:25-60.11  BARTON H, GRANT M. Urban Planning for Healthy Cities: A Review of the Progress of the European Healthy Cities Programme[J]. Journal of Urban Health-bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2013, 90(S1):129-141.12  GILES-CORTI B, VERNEZ-MOUDON A, REIS R, et al. City Planning and Population Health: A Global Challenge[J]. Lancet, 2016, 388(10062):2912-2924.13  National Research Council (US) Committee on Health Impact Assessment. Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment[M]. National Academies Press, 2011：44-83.14  DANNENBERG A L. A Brief History of Health Impact Assessment in the United States[J]. Chronicles of Health Impact Assessment, 2016,1(1):1-8.15  CATHERINE L R, ORENSTEIN R, BOTCHWEY N. Health Impact Assessment in the United States[M]. Springer, 2014：47-56.16  DANNENBERG A L, RICKLIN A, ROSS C L, et al. Use of Health Impact Assessment for Transportation Planning[J]. Transportation Research Record：Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2014, 2452:71-80.17  THORNTON R L J, GREINER A, FICHTENBERG C M, et al. Achieving a Healthy Zoning Policy in Baltimore: Results of a Health Impact Assessment of the Transform Baltimore Zoning Code Rewrite[J]. Public Health Reports, 2013, 128(6):87-103.18  FORSYTH A, SLOTTERBACK C S, KRIZEK K J. Health Impact Assessment in Planning: Development of the Design for Health HIA Tools[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2010, 30(1): 42-51.19  CORBURN J, BHATIA R. Health Impact Assessment in San Francisco: Incorporating the Social Determinants of Health into Environmental Planning[J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2007, 50(3): 323-341.20  WHO. The Preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization[Z]. 1946.21  WHO. Making Partners: Intersectoral Action for Health[Z]. 1988.22  DAHLGREN G, WHITEHEAD M. Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health[Z]. 1991:11.23  BARTON H, GRANT M. A Health Map for the Local Human Habitat[J]. The Journal for the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 2006, 126(6): 252-253.24  NORTHRIDGE M E, SCLAR E D, BISWAS M P. Sorting out the Connections Between the Built Environment and Health: A Conceptual Framework for Navigating Pathways and Planning Healthy Cities[J]. Journal of Urban Health, 2003, 80(4): 556-568.25  SCHULZ A, NORTHRIDGE M E. Social Determinants of Health: Implications for Environmental Health Promotion[J]. Health Education & Behavior, 2004, 31(4): 455-471.26  BIRD C, GRANT M. Bringing Public Health into Built Environment Education[Z]. Higher Education Academy Centre for Education in the Built Environment, 2011:1-9.27  Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health[Z]. 2008.28  WHO. Health Impact Assessment: Main Concepts and Suggested Approach — Gothenburg Consensus Paper[Z]. 1999.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">29  国家卫生计生委统计信息中心. 2013第五次国家卫生服务调查分析报告[R]. 2015:I-V. </p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Center for Health Statistics and Information，NHFPC.An Analysis Report of National Health Services Survey in China, 2013[R]. 2015:I-V.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">30  国家卫生计生委.中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015年)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2015:1-5.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">National Health and Family Planning Commission.Report on Nutrition and Chronic Diseases in China(2015)[M].Beijing：People’s Medical Publishing House, 2015:1-5.</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">31  HUANG Z. Health Impact Assessment in China: Emergence, Progress and Challenges[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2012, 32(1):45-49.</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(139, 0, 0);line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">最后请大家：</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">不造谣，不信谣，不传谣。</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">让我们一起努力，</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">早日打赢</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: 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