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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎</span></strong>，作为一个有着强大魅力和吸引力的浪漫之都，对于每个规划人来讲都既熟悉又陌生。熟悉是因为我们对巴黎的建筑和历史人文古迹都有着鲜活的认知；但由于语言的障碍等原因，我们对巴黎的了解或许远比不上英美城市。作者有幸在2018年与大巴黎规划院展开了深入的交流，在不断的沟通与合作中，对巴黎有了些许清晰的认识，了解到巴黎正在发生的变化，在此与大家共享。</p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0671875" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/mibficnPqpfeiaXZHpVicV07riaMsNt035sMR5LQDPwJHbPYWS8UoYjEhLnWx4XloI86ic8O1ygG63g6lp4A2k6C75Iw/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid rgb(38, 124, 242);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本号将以连载的形式为大家展开这组巴黎和北京的双城记散想，共包括5篇。</p></section></section></section><section style="min-height: 40px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;margin: 0px auto -10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" style="border-collapse: collapse;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:0" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:0.td@@0" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:0.td@@1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">当你谈论巴黎的时候，你到底在说哪儿？</strong></p></section></section></td></tr><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:1" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:1.td@@0" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:1.td@@1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎是由什么人构成的？</strong></p></section></section></td></tr><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:2" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:2.td@@0" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:2.td@@1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎的公共交通有多方便？</strong></p></section></section></td></tr><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:3" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:3.td@@0" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:3.td@@1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎是古老的城市还是创新的先驱？</strong></p></section></section></td></tr><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:4" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:4.td@@0" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">5</p></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:5.classicTable1:4.td@@1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎面向全球的吸引力体现在哪里？</strong></p></section></section></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">---------</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;">今天，为大家发布的是</span></strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">---------</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 第3篇：</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎的公共交通有多方便？</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: 10px 0% -50px;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 110px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/1eMqTTytaZRoy5aGw5Qby8UZA8aoAib8n8hSU1XpPibxibWeDXibibnBuo3II8UkMllzWTB5gs7qNCopDib7Yp9IlQjw/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: center;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">写在前面</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 98%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 4px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/g8eBVGIkxyGxGPpeYx3hmmMN1JA3lyWCSvgIKTobiaPOXayz9osoCwFdW6etplcJKfldxxz3ecVDicla7e29vFLQ/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本篇作者邀请了小伙伴魏贺加持，为你展现最深度的交通解析和最犀利的专业视角。</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 46%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 8px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.345" data-w="200" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/yialHuUps1LJ5hzvTmAaaN2PYiacgXD2JlcG2EeT2icpQOAtd27YuIsAiaYBLArFPMc4q68JxKOPVtpJQGsuExd3Fw/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 46%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如果你要赞赏巴黎的公共交通，可以找到100个理由。在巴黎生活，你可能从不会觉得需要一辆车，去哪儿都很方便，不会太拥挤也不会经历长距离的换乘。最为宝贵的是，巴黎人乘坐公共交通的态度非常佛系，即便是在早晚高峰的拥挤时段，也不会有人在你身后问你“下吗下吗？”，每个想要下车的人都是等车停稳了，才会从车厢深处伴随着“啪咚啪咚”的礼貌问候挪出去，即便是在（每两天赶上一次的）地铁扑街的时候，贫瘠的wifi信号和一言难尽的车厢气味儿，也能让你心甘情愿地和铁友们一起埋头在书籍的海洋里，静等等等等地铁重启。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">正是由于这种得天独厚的优势，造就了巴黎的交通神话。这里有一组数据跟大家分享。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.1948052" data-w="924" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kkiaa7sf2vZSkibK2DT9qMwaYD4qAqsSSJbSFgpWl2abvGpkeT77haAefw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">初见这个数据对比有点震撼，基本上都是翻倍的关系。结论有三：出行率说明巴黎人真的比北京人更喜欢出行；路网密度凸显出小巴黎简直就是城市图底关系的样板间了；步行分担率说明巴黎人比北京人更愿意压马路。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">熟悉巴黎的人都会知道，巴黎的轨网密度异常惊人，尤其是小巴黎的地铁线路和站点极为密集，每个站的出入口数量又极为众多，这就导致你若是一不小心错过了一个地铁站的出入口，没留神就走到了下一个地铁站的出入口。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">但是本文并不想对这种密度进行过多对比，以免给未来轨网线路加密希望渺茫的北京核心区徒增烦恼，而是想要探讨巴黎公共交通发展的背后逻辑，并以时间为线索，用数据展示巴黎的公共交通服务水平的发展情况。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 0px 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0% -20px;transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7870968" data-w="155" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/FF4MDmDuFlOl6C7piadSnibMHu9W1jJxgzUQuFhBXovXUkYoe53q81LSAbOem1MicBEpQ4hunOdE2TS3M59aiaJPicQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0% -20px;transform: translate3d(30px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(30px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(30px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(30px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7870968" data-w="155" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/FF4MDmDuFlOl6C7piadSnibMHu9W1jJxgzUQuFhBXovXUkYoe53q81LSAbOem1MicBEpQ4hunOdE2TS3M59aiaJPicQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);padding: 10px;border-style: groove;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;padding: 0px 5px;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">另外，文末有彩蛋。</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin: -10px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-30px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateX(180deg) rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7870968" data-w="155" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/FF4MDmDuFlOl6C7piadSnibMHu9W1jJxgzUQuFhBXovXUkYoe53q81LSAbOem1MicBEpQ4hunOdE2TS3M59aiaJPicQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: -10px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(30px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(30px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(30px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(30px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;transform: rotateX(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateX(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateX(180deg);-o-transform: rotateX(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7870968" data-w="155" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/FF4MDmDuFlOl6C7piadSnibMHu9W1jJxgzUQuFhBXovXUkYoe53q81LSAbOem1MicBEpQ4hunOdE2TS3M59aiaJPicQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/eqUiaIibmibckBeaia2G678UHdQm2Wib8bu6rXh014OzF44QgZwibicdHZMfa2Vqs8jlptm5x5oUrovtKQMnm1vKgMYIA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">你情我愿的公共交通服务逻辑</strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">法国以国家立法形式确立公共交通的社会公益服务属性，通过“一核、两法、三要素”的服务逻辑将公共交通与出行活动、经济活动、社会发展和城市发展紧密联系起来，实现政府-社会、交通-土地、规划-实施得环环相扣。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“一核”指的是公共交通引领城市发展；“两法”指的是1982年《城市内部交通组织引导方针法》(Loi d’Orientatoin des Transports Interieurs, LOTI)和2000年《社会团结与城市更新法》(Loi relative à la Solidarité et au Renouvellement Urbains, LoiSRU)；三要素指的是城市公共交通服务区(Périmètres de Transport Urbains, PTU)、公共交通税(Versement Transport, VT)和城市交通出行规划(Plan de Déplacements Urbains, PDU)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">城市公共交通服务区</span></strong></p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大区的PTU最早被称为“巴黎公共交通区”(Régie de Transports Parisiens, RTP)，公共交通管理机构为巴黎大区交通管理委员会(Syndicat des Transports Parisiens, STP)，覆盖范围由1963年的巴黎都市区域扩张到1989年的巴黎城市区域。2001年伴随公共交通管理机构改革，成立巴黎大区交通行业协会(Syndicat des Transport d’ ?le-de-France, STIF)，覆盖范围扩展到巴黎大区全域，成为法国唯一行政区划尺度的PTU。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7472222" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkvRfERFchYfDo6xejkt3NJxYyZRqic6u8lDNibQzlKRZdSVm12O8OiazAg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">早期巴黎大区城市公共交通服务区覆盖范围</span></strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：卓健(2004)</span></strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2015年《共和国领土组织法》(Loi portant Nouvelle Organisation Territoriale de la République, LoiNOTRe)将AOTU调整为机动性管理机构(Autorité Organisatrice de la Mobilité, AOM)。为回应法案，2017年6月起，STIF更名为巴黎大区城市机动性服务商Ile de France Mobilités，组织架构与机构职能保持不变。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">近期，伴随差异化交通政策实施与城市发展，巴黎、马赛、尼斯、里昂、里尔等地区城市逐渐出现连片带状发展趋势，极有可能出现新的、大范围的公共交通服务区。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2016-2019年全国机动性管理机构的PTU服务范围变化可印证这一趋势。</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.9277778" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkIib4MkickkhnUPPVWPd5k9FP535YCApYwrQ0fmtfbsW7STvgicfgCgIUQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2016年</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7074074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkeAMvpMx74je4RiaiaKJLxahPKH09wNriaCJXqlmnZMquibibAfvgvek9RDw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2017年</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7064815" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkAaD2ziasnL2XCey4rVrUMnZTIPRTsDib7ofEjqKLcX6Wicicvkq9rKt57A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2018年</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7074074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk9alvxCLeOwOLw92Qfkicl0PHAicVBdszXiaV3JxibruQLJ2rP0BUyQn7EQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2019年</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2016-2019年机动性管理机构AOM服务范围</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：https://www.cerema.fr</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">公</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">共交通税</span></strong></p></li></ul></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">1973年《公共交通税法》确定，当PTU内人口总数超过30万人时，AOTU有权决定在区域内征收公共交通税。1974年根据《74-933法令》，将征收人口基数下调为10万人。1982年根据《共和国行政区划法》(Loi Administration Territoriale de la République, LoiATR)，将征收人口基数下调为3万人。1992年根据《地方公共事务管理法》(Loi Gestion Déléguée des Services Publics Locaux, LoiGDSPL)，将征收人口基数下调为2万人。1999年根据《加强和简化社区间合作法》(Loi relative au renforcement et à la simplification de la coopération intercommunale, LoiChevènement)，最终将征收人口基数确定为1万人。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通税的征收额度为上限值，随时间、地点与政策动态调整，由议会统一规定，地方AOTU具有最终裁决权。当前征收规定为：人口总数为1-10万的AOTU不得高于0.55%；人口总数超过10万的AOTU不得高于0.9%（巴黎大区除外，2011年前为1%）。2000年《社会团结与城市更新法》提出，如果成立联合服务地区(Les Syndicats Mixtes SRU)，可额外附加0.05%税费(Versement Transport Additionnel, VTA)。2010年《旅游法》(Code du Tourisme)规定，如果PTU中至少有一个市镇被定义为旅游地点，可额外附加0.2%税费。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4787037" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkVX7ZaL50KU5oBY7ib8iaJhtlaOwKYQlLGvlJ1sSo0WT9Lba52GOCBXPQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通税征收额度</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：Cerema(2014)</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">为了进一步推动公共交通发展，国家政府对地方建设专用公共交通设施提供财政补贴。1994年《关于国家援助各省公共交通发展的通知》(Issue de la circulaire relative aux aides de l’état aux transports collectifs de provincedu)规定，独立运营公共交通的AOTU，为建设公共交通专用基础设施TCSP(Transport en Commun en Site Propre)，公共交通税率可定为1.75%。建设地铁，国家补贴不超过总造价的20%；建设有轨电车，补贴不超过总造价的30%；建设轻轨，补贴可达到总造价的35%；建设公交专用道，补贴可达到总造价的40%。TCSP政策对公共交通制式的选择影响极大，自2000年起法国各省的有轨电车设施增量就已超过地铁。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5546296" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkdYVoZPwvB0ZVrL6DlL8F2JGqoJZuXo3BMyCSnR5ugicQeyQN0eHL8JA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">1990-2012年间全国TCSP政策设施实施评估</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：Cerema(2014)</span></em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">早在《公共交通税法》颁布前，巴黎大区从1971年就开始征收公共交通税，征收额度持续增加，巴黎市和上塞纳省缴额最高，塞纳-圣丹尼省和瓦勒德马恩省次之，目前已达到1.6%-2.95%。自2013年起，塞纳-马恩、伊夫林、艾松和瓦勒德瓦兹等四省开始出现同省不同税额的情况。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尽管民众已对公共交通税的征收达成共识，但持续上涨的征收税额依然是争论焦点，到底是法定高税额导致不得不缴税并使用公共交通，还是长期环境影响行为导致高税额地区的民众更偏好公共交通更支持税收政策，仍是众说纷纭。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大区乃至整个法国都在探索公共交通税的“开源”，如重新分配燃油税、停车费来支撑公共交通发展，重新评估公交发达地区的土地价值并向商业收益方征收增值税等手段。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7740741" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkX29amXKf1FeDyZOmcmYw740DwdD5OGKjMohoP8uicLLfT547kjQUhLg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大区公共交通税空间特点</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：Cerema(2014)</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4796296" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkBrGapy8kL336WMjWjiaC76Ex17v6LTfVU1D4JXdsmW4nOJaCertQRlQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">1971-2019年巴黎大区公共交通税税额</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通税对巴黎大区的公共交通发展影响巨大。2015年STIF总收入为94亿欧元，39.9%近37.5亿欧元来自于公共交通税（劳动力人口人均缴税5000元人民币），28.5%近26.8亿欧元来自于乘客票款，19.5%近18.3亿欧元来自于公共补贴，9.2%近8.6亿欧元来自于雇员橙卡补贴。</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6064815" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk74CKZkALaN2Zq97dzOV0dBKfPaFdPJofKM7ZbWkoZfQThhYAJ2MPrQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">2015年STIF财政收支</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：STIF(2016)</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">在运营开支方面，2015年STIF为保持地铁、区域快线、有轨电车、地面公交的高品质服务共支出运营费用约55.3亿欧元，其中巴黎公交集团RATP和法国国铁SNCF两家就达到41.7亿欧元。而在新建交通基础设施方面，从2005年至2015年共投资8.6亿欧元，53%近4.5亿欧元用于地面公共公交通，28%近2.4亿欧元用于区域快线，11%近1亿欧元用于有TCSP补贴的有轨电车，仅8%近0.7亿欧元用于地铁。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">新建交通基础设施的投资成本与既有设施的运营支出形成鲜明对比，“新建设施一时烧钱，运营设施一直烧钱”。公共交通发展过程中，短期新建设施所需投资是政府可调配、可负担的，而长期运营服务所需开支则是必需的且政府难以负担的。公共交通发展政策的核心应是可持续的财务体系，公共交通税正是以法国特色解决了这一问题，实现了由“政府办公交”模式转变为雇主雇员经济关系下的“社会办公交”模式。当然，公共交通税也有负面影响，2015年巴黎大区608万适龄劳动力人口对应105.5万家企业，平均雇员数量仅为5.8人，这意味着有大量的企业为了增加利润避税雇佣尽可能少的员工。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">城市交通出行规划</span></strong></p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">1996年《大气保护与节能法》(Loi sur l'Air et l'Utilisation Rationnelle de l'Energie, LoiAURE)明确交通应与环境和健康保护实现可持续平衡发展，规定居住人口超过10万人的聚居区必须编制法定形式PDU，明确6项编制目标。一是减少小汽车交通量，二是发展公共交通和清洁交通方式，三是分配道路空间，四是规划各类停车设施，五是组织货运交通，六是鼓励企业参与组织雇员交通。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">2000年《社会团结与城市更新法》对1967年以来《土地指导法》(Loi d'Orientation Foncière, LoiOF)的“总体规划+详细规划”规划体系作出调整，用地域协调发展纲要(Schémas de Cohérence Territorial, SCoT)取代总体规划，用地方城市规划(Plan Local d’Urbanisme, PLU)取代详细规划，用中间层级的PDU和地方住房计划(Programme Local de i’Habitat, PLH)衔接协调两者。自2014年，地方AOM已出现编制“PLU+PDU+PLH”三合一规划的试点，原计划2017年调整法规，目前推迟到2020年后立法推动。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0777778" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkicBkyzia93bsL7iblbic0r7OTzbHuwLdKDZe0j04nSrS1COXy3jCdgarfA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">地方规划兼容性</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：AUAO(2007)</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大区作为首都地区依旧是例外。《社会团结与城市更新法》保留1995年《土地使用规划和发展指导方针法》(Loi d'Orientation pour l'Aménagement et le Développement du Territoire, LoiOADT)授予巴黎大区政府编制区域总体规划(Schéma Directeur de la Région d'Ile-de-France, SDRIF)的权利。SDRIF和区域气候、空气与能源纲要(Schéma Régional Climat, Air, Energie, SRCAE)是一级公共政策，PDUIF作为二级公共政策要向上兼容。PDUIF2000未能与SDRIF1994与SDRIF2008（未采纳）同期编制，兼容性较差，PDUIF2010-2020则和SDRIF2030同期编制，兼容性更好。地方层面的SCoT、PLU和地方出行规划(Plan Local de Déplacements, PLD)作为三级公共政策，要向上兼容PDUIF。</p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8509259" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkdSDiaE5VFibGCYRib9KU4czfRH3YXkvyh7Kqje4qibf5OmTAnZmVyjXE0g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">PDUIF2010-2020兼容性</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：IDF Mobilités (2018)</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">2005年《机会均等法》(Loi l'Egalité des Droits et des Chances, LoiEDC)要求，提高出行全过程的无障碍服务水平。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">2010年《环境法》(Code de l'environnement, Grenelle 2)要求，推进PDU与土地规划的融合，加强电化交通和共享出行能力。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">2014年《住房保障和城市改善法》(Loi l’Accès au Logement et un Urbanisme Rénové, LoiALUR)要求，加速整合PDU和PLH。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">2015年《能源转变促进绿色增长法》(Loi relative à la Transition Energétique pour la Croissance Verte, LoiTECV)要求，AOM范围内雇员在100人以上的企业必须编制员工公共交通出行计划，不履行该义务的企业无法获得环境和能源管理局的技术和财政支持。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">2015年《交通法》(Code des transports)明确PDU的11项编制目标。一是交通、环境、健康三者要开持续发展，二是加强社会凝聚力提高无障碍能力，三是重新分配路权保障安全，四是减少小汽车出行，五是发展步行自行车，六是改善道路基础设施，七是制定多样化停车收费政策，八是改善物流货运，九是鼓励企业制定公共交通出行计划，十是促进更多人使用公共交通，最后是推广纯电动车辆、推动充电基础设施建设。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/eqUiaIibmibckBeaia2G678UHdQm2Wib8bu6rXh014OzF44QgZwibicdHZMfa2Vqs8jlptm5x5oUrovtKQMnm1vKgMYIA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎的公共交通服务水平有多高</strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由于巴黎大区的行政分权制，并未发布大区范围的交通年报，只有巴黎市发布年度交通运营报告(Le bilan des Déplacements a Paris)。因此，利用PDUIF2010-2020中期评估报告和居民出行调查EGT(L’Enquête Globale Transport)来进一步了解公共交通服务水平。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">设施服务水平</span></strong></p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大区的公共交通放射性廊道以铁路为轴线呈现典型的法式公交导向发展TOD特征，划分城市公共交通服务区、缴纳公共交通税、纳入PDU编制的地区才能吸引轨道交通建设，而不是规划了轨道交通反向引导人口产业集聚。而大区内的公共交通服务连绵地带则是缴纳公共交通税越高的地区，公共交通服务水平越高。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7194444" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk2W8MJCRQAu2pSWSauBRfbiaE5lAa9nObV4108NV2A1cCI8mbicLSgkiag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大区公共交通空间格局</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：IAU(2018)</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2015年巴黎大区铁路日周转量约7500万人次公里，年客流量14亿人次，日均客流384万人次，次均出行距离19.5公里。地铁年日转量约5000万人次公里，年客流量15.5亿人次，日均客流425万人次，次均出行距离11.8公里。有轨电车日周转量约1200万人次公里，年客流量3亿人次，日均客流82万人次，次均出行距离14.6公里。地面公交日周转量约3430万人次公里，年客流量14亿人次，日均客流384万人次，次均出行距离8.9公里。</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1238004" data-w="1042" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk3iasJzyibI7LGpiaDC7JoUbTqf45kkN9AQ5He0yt5hd4EMzjXjFJjUqfA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">早高峰地铁断面客流</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">(铁路由SNCF运营无法进行评估)</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1759259" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk5QUWxaAKjyMhU2vctMalbSbudd9uMVUSsbzbXUdbDn8Z7K1mViaojCA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">早高峰有轨电车断面客流</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.812963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk3ntoLqcLfPTOOxZDuR2u9NFqVFlKgWw3xADibYzp9VYbHP3J2VRRW1Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">地面公交线网</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：OMNIL(2016)</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">居</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">民出行特征</span></strong></p></li></ul></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.9010124" data-w="889" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk213gxGe3W4vicUZNQeQCCd0beLl9wBcAmSSmPHQYNia4zmTaflHAj9kQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2010年出行分担率</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4259259" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkTSAIHJvvTDmvGkWiaqYK8Moy9lFS2pMZvkXA10MCtHX8STPUhdzaDpw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">分空间出行分担率演变</em></strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5833333" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk0TONPzn02vyFWNHUsrckPJXiaQaQ7WwPZJPDN0dnblUdh7YPlxeR30g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">分时段到达时间分布演变</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：EGT2010</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">人均出行率。由2001年3.5次/日提升至2010年3.87次/日，其中步行出行率增长幅度超过25%，小汽车出行率下降3.3%。出行率空间分布中，巴黎市达到4.15次/日（步行出行率高达2.17次/日，即除了通勤出行外，每人每天至少休憩娱乐1次），都市区域（不含巴黎市）达到3.75次/日，城市区域（不含巴黎市与都市区域）达到3.91次/日，其他地区达到3.75次/日。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.637963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74KkurrCK7WfxzoXwibBmazJslGBZ9Tj00BG0l6JtB2qLGauQ8nOjtS0IcQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">分圈层人均出行率</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：EGT2010</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">圈层出行。都市区域对内出行总量达到2350万人次占比57.5%；城市区域（不含都市区域）对内出行总量880万人次占比21.7%；都市区域与城市区域间交换量327万人次占比8%；其他地区对内出行总量350万人次占比8.5%。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8092593" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk5G3Gic5PZSxQCTGVIzchKRF0V4HjicQnz5U9SGiaBb0dBeIAORRUiaibV2w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">分圈层出行量</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：EGT2010</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">省际出行。巴黎市出行总量达到1200万人次占比27%，对内出行高达67%，对外出行主要联络上塞纳、瓦勒德马恩和塞纳-圣丹尼三省。巴黎市外七省各出行总量介于300-400万人次间，省际交换量规模较小，职住空间均衡性较好，发展独立性较高。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6361111" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMylSExkNC1xCEdjL3s74Kk0d9oXzrxHCnmRBPJyg2uQQKK4nzwRK4GSicy73IiaAxicH6AeQhHClYJw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">省际出行量</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：EGT2010</span></em></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文末</strong></p></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow-y: auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><section style="overflow-x: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(11, 10, 10);height: 4px;box-sizing: 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powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow-y: auto;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><section style="overflow-x: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(11, 10, 10);height: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-top: -30px;height: 30px;"><section class="top-div" style="height: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg class="svg-layout-content root-svg" width="100%" height="100%" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="box-sizing: border-box;transform: rotateZ(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(0deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(0deg);width: 100%;" opacity="0"><animate class="init-width-animation" attributename="width" style="box-sizing: border-box;" fill="freeze" to="100.00%" from="100.00%" 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powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;text-align: justify;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">限于篇幅，本文侧重于公共交通服务逻辑的梳理。关于公共交通服务水平评估和EGT调查相关分析的详细内容，读者可联系后台索取相关报告。</p></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;margin: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;">往期回顾：</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(87, 107, 149);box-sizing: border-box;">国际观察072 | 双城记散想——巴黎vs北京（第1篇）</span></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(87, 107, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></em></p><p class="rich_media_title" style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(87, 107, 149);box-sizing: border-box;">国际观察092 | 双城记散想——巴黎vs北京（第2篇）</span></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(87, 107, 149);box-sizing: 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