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<p><strong style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 16px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">本文授权转自新土地规划人（ID：</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 16px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">newlandplanning</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 16px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">），欢迎关注！</span></strong></p><section style="line-height: 2;font-size: 15px;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: -25px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(2, 52, 119);font-size: 68px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划词典</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 6px;height: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotate(0.1deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0.1deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0.1deg);-o-transform: rotate(0.1deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;margin-right: -6px;margin-left: -7px;border-bottom: 2px dotted rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin-top: -35px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 3px;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划类术语</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“城市意象”</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="min-height: 40px;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -10px;margin-left: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:3.classicTable1:0" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:3.classicTable1:0.td@@0" style="border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);border-radius: 0px;vertical-align: middle;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;padding: 0px;" width="2.0000%"><br  /></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:3.classicTable1:0.td@@1" style="border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 5px;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;" width="92.3800%"><section style="min-height: 40px;margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -10px;margin-left: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:3.classicTable1:0.td@@1:0.classicTable1:0" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:3.classicTable1:0.td@@1:0.classicTable1:0.td@@0" style="border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);border-radius: 0px;padding: 10px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100.0000%"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">城市意象：</span></strong>在《城市意象》这本书中，指的是一种实物的特质，而该特质能令任何观察者，都有较大可能产生该意象的联想。简而言之，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市意象，也可以说是城市印象，就是城市在公众眼中具有的形式特征。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">作者凯文·林奇，考察了市民对城市形态的感知，以<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">路径、边界、区域、节点、标志</span></strong>五大要素，定义了物质环境在人脑中的意象。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这五要素，是任何城市规划都离不开的要素。</strong></p></section></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:3.classicTable1:0.td@@2" style="border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);border-radius: 0px;vertical-align: middle;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;padding: 0px;" width="2.0000%"><br  /></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">0</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 1%;border-style: none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 关于《城市意象》这本书</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="558" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="237" data-ratio="0.4255555555555556" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibBMnk8bf66gaom8cEITlwheyz6W81niaw7qHv1AXtyQias1l21t1ol3VGiaTVWJMluRWsmFWZqebHMDQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="900" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 558px;height: 237px;border-radius: 8px;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-shadow: rgb(180, 184, 175) 3.53553px 3.53553px 8px;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;padding-right: 3px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -45px 0% -5px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 6px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(218, 171, 0);display: inline-block;text-align: center;width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;line-height: 2.2;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 30px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section></section></section><section style="clear: right;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 4.5em !important;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">《城市意象》</span></strong>，是凯文·林奇讲述有关城市的面貌一本经典书籍。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">作者凯文·林奇，任教于麻省理工学院建筑学院三十年之久，他帮助建立了城市规划系，并将之发展成为世界上最著名的建筑学院之一。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">他在上世纪60年代调研了美国的三个典型城市，发现大多数人通过城市中的标志物、节点、边界、道路和区域这五种要素，来形成城市印象。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">林奇分析了五种要素之间的相互关系，还证明了城市意向对人们生活的重要作用，并且主张建筑师要在设计城市的时候，合理的安排这些要素，创造出符合人感知，满足人需求的城市环境。 </p></section></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">0</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 1%;border-style: none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(197, 36, 36);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《城市意象》着眼于哪三点</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="558" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="237" data-ratio="0.4255555555555556" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibBMnk8bf66gaom8cEITlwheET5pquq5UKZ1au3sLgGfMumNqN1icoPOP4szeVQuSyDZpMRXKmicicruw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="900" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 558px;height: 237px;border-radius: 8px;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-shadow: rgb(180, 184, 175) 3.53553px 3.53553px 8px;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;padding-right: 3px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -45px 0% -5px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 6px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(218, 171, 0);display: inline-block;text-align: center;width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;line-height: 2.2;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 30px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section></section></section><section style="clear: right;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 4.5em !important;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">《城市意象》从<span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市客观面貌</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">、</strong><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市重要作用</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">、</strong><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市可变现象</strong></span>三点来阐释人们感官中的“城市意象”。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其中，城市景观在众多城市角色中，是人们可见、可喜的源泉，赋予城市视觉形态是一种特殊而又相当新的设计问题。</p></section></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">0</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 1%;border-style: none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 凯文·林奇将城市理解划分为哪三个层次</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="558" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="237" data-ratio="0.4255555555555556" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibBMnk8bf66gaom8cEITlwheEoxRQ81sbkSibPrYx98pD9nUIX1l5JNhYxvRkybRATHQNSTdgGNgLMg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="900" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 558px;height: 237px;border-radius: 8px;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-shadow: rgb(180, 184, 175) 3.53553px 3.53553px 8px;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;padding-right: 3px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -45px 0% -5px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 6px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(218, 171, 0);display: inline-block;text-align: center;width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;line-height: 2.2;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 30px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section></section></section><section style="clear: right;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 4.5em !important;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《城市意象》</strong>一书中将城市理解划分为三个层次：</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">发现可读性的点</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">探究城市的结构</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">个性、升华为城市意象。</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（1）是环境意象的“可读性”，它源自于生活在其中的市民实实在在的感受。</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">主要着眼于城市景观表面的清晰或是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">“可读性”</span></strong>，以及容易认知城市各部分并形成一个凝聚形态的特性。凯文·林奇惊喜于曼哈顿城市结构的秩序，也承认波士顿弯曲道路的神秘与离奇。他说：“一个可读的城市，他的街区，标志或是道路，应该容易认明，进而组成一个完整的形态”。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（2）作者认为，个性、结构和意蕴，是环境意向的分析和归纳。</span></strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">意向的聚合可以通过长时间的接触熟悉之后建立起对环境的意象，或是一个新的环境符合观察者头脑中已形成的模式，城市规划师渴望提供供众多人使用的环境，因此研究<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">“公众意象”</span></strong>忽略个体差异，对城市意象中物质形态的内容归纳为五种元素—道路，边界，区域，节点，和标志物，这五个要素在城市研究领域有重大的意义。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（3）一座意象性强的城市环境是怎样的呢？</span></strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">环境意象由<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">“个性、结构和意蕴”</span></strong>三部分组成。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">首先必备的是事物的个性，即与其周围事物的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">可区别性</strong>和作为独立个体的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">可识别性；</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其次环境和观察者之间存在<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一定关系</strong>；</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">最后，这个事物必须为观察者<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">实用的</strong>或是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">情感上的</strong>意蕴。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">一个意向要在生活空间内充当导向作用，它应具备以下特点：</span></strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">首先<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">应该是真实存在的</strong>，个体能在一定范围的环境内工作，且必须是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">可读的</strong>；</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其次它应该具有<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">安全性</strong>，拥有附加的措施以适应不同的变化；</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">最后，它还有一部分意象<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">传授给别的个体</strong>。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">“可意向性”</span></strong>即有形物体中蕴含的，对于观察者都有<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">可能唤起强烈意象</strong>的特性。如形状、颜色、布局或是更高意义上的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">“可见性”</span></strong>，物体不只是被看见，而是清晰、强烈的被感知。在这一特殊意义上作者认为，一个高度可意象的城市应该看起来<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">适宜、独特而不寻常</strong>，应该能够吸引视觉和听觉的注意和参与。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">苏赞·兰格认为</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">建筑是“一切被创造的可见的环境”。</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">0</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 1%;border-style: none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">  影响城市意象（印象）的五种要素是什么？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="558" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="237" data-ratio="0.4255555555555556" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibBMnk8bf66gaom8cEITlwhed4WEEtuXEjuP38tePguD9eApNwLuq6SZTXOO3G2uaQwiaGCxHib4b3vA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="900" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 558px;height: 237px;border-radius: 8px;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-shadow: rgb(180, 184, 175) 3.53553px 3.53553px 8px;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;padding-right: 3px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -45px 0% -5px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 6px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(218, 171, 0);display: inline-block;text-align: center;width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;line-height: 2.2;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 30px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section></section></section><section style="clear: right;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 4.5em !important;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">似乎任何一个城市，大多数观察者对城市里的标志物、道路、界面、区域和节点更加敏感，这五种空间要素能帮助人们在大脑中构建起对一个城市的印象。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们对城市意象中物质形态研究的内容，可以归纳为五种元素——道路、边界、区域、节点和标志物。</strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（1） 道路：</span></strong>是城市中一切能够步行、行驶车辆、或者经过的通道，包括大街、步行道、公路、铁路、运河等。人们沿着这些通道在城市里运动、停留、观察城市。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">“道路”</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">通过自身的特征和道路网络的特征两种方式给人留下印象。</strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">有时道路的重要性主要归结为其<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结构原因</strong>，如果主要道路缺乏个性，或容易互相混淆，那么就很难形成城市的整体意象。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">道路只要<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">可识别</span></strong>，就一定具有<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">连续性</span></strong>，此外，道路还应有<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">方向性</span></strong>，通过一些特征在某一方向上累积的规律渐变，沿线的两个方向能够容易区分。道路具有方向性之后，下一步就应该具有<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">可度量性</span></strong>，使人们能够确定自己在整个行程中的位置。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">我们考虑一条以上的道路时，道路的交叉点就变得十分突出，因为这是人们必须作出决定的点。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（2</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">） 边界：</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">是城市中连续又无法穿越的分割线。边界能产生强烈的领域感，明确地区分两个空间。</strong>边界是除道路以外的线性要素，它是两个部分的边界线。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">许多边界是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">凝聚的缝合线</span></strong>，而不是隔离的屏障。边界经常同时也是道路，于是占主导地位的是其交通意象，这种元素通常被画成是道路，只是同时具有边界的特性。边界有时也可能和道路一样具有方向性，不过大多数边界不具备这一特性。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">那些强大的边界，不但在视觉上占统治地位，而且在形式上也连续不可穿越。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">边界的特点有：</strong>可见性，连续性和方向性。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">边界的作用有：</strong>分隔作用和景观作用等。</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（3） 区域：</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">区域是城市意象的基本元素，多数人都是使用区域来组织自己的城市意象。</strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">决定区域的物质特征：</span></strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">主题的连续性</strong>，它可能包括多种多样的组成部分，比如纹理、空间、形式、细部、标志、建筑形式、材料、样式、色彩...等等。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">社会意义对构造区域也十分重要。</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">区域通常被边界包围</span></strong>，跟周边环境明显的隔绝开来。区域内部往往具有一些特征，比如重复出现的建筑样式等，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些特征可以强烈感觉进入某个领域。</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">边界限定区域，增强其特性，但它们无法构成区域。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">区域的外向和内向：</strong>外向的区域向外与周围的元素联结在一起；内向的区域，只是自身存在，很少与外部城市发生联系。还有的区域单独孤立存在。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（4）节点：</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">节点就是标识点。</strong>它往往是道路上的重要转折点，或去往某处的必经之地，在城市中，节点常常以街角、广场、交通枢纽的形式出现。那里聚集大量人流和活动，人们可以在节点停住脚步、休息放松、与人社交。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">当我们从更广阔的层面上考虑时，整个城市自身也可以被看作是一个节点。</strong>尽管从概念上节点是城市意象中很小的点，但事实上它可能是很大的广场，或是也可能呈稍微延伸的线条状。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">节点即时连接点也是聚焦点</span></strong>，同时，强大的物质形式对识别一个节点并非绝对重要，然而一旦空间有了形态，其给人的印象就会更加深刻，更加难忘。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（5）标志物：</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">是具体而明确的目标，标志物往往与周边环境有巨大反差，而且在各个方向上都很容易被看到，所以它们可以脱颖而出，令人印象深刻，可以帮助我们确定自己的方位。</strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">由于标志物是从一大堆可能元素中挑选出来的，因此其关键的物质特性具有<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">单一性</span></strong>，在某些方面具有<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">唯一性</span></strong>，或是<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">在整个环境中令人难忘。</strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">使元素成为标志物，空间所起的作用重大。</span></strong>通常有两种方式：</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">其一，使元素在许多地点都能够被看；</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">其二，是通过与邻近元素退让或高度等的变化，建立起局部的对比。</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">成为标志物的地方元素的数量，不仅取决于观察者对周围环境的熟悉程度，也依赖元素自身的条件。声音和气味虽然不能形成标志物，但它们有时可以<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">强化有形标志物的意象。</strong></p></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">0</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 1%;border-style: none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">5</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 城市意象五种要素的关系是什么</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="558" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="237" data-ratio="0.4255555555555556" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibBMnk8bf66gaom8cEITlwhexk3hlr9lz9IMNfytYc5icHkTh04ibm8AiaOZg8AoDxL5hYnpfcRogib0LQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="900" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 558px;height: 237px;border-radius: 8px;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-shadow: rgb(180, 184, 175) 3.53553px 3.53553px 8px;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;padding-right: 3px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -45px 0% -5px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 6px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(218, 171, 0);display: inline-block;text-align: center;width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;line-height: 2.2;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 30px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">5</p></section></section></section><section style="clear: right;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 4.5em !important;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">上述五种要素在城市里不是孤立存在的，这些要素在空间上相互交错，紧密联系。</span></strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">“区域”里包含着“节点”，由“节点”组成；</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">“区域”的周边被“边界”包围，由“边界”限定范围；</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">“区域”的内部被“道路”贯穿；</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">“标志物”散落在区域内部。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这五种要素之间穿插组合，既有可能相互衬托，共同形成完整的城市印象；也有可能相互矛盾，让城市印象支离破碎。</strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">意象是一个连续的领域，某个元素发生的一定变化可能会影响到其它所有的元素。可以通过意象的结构特性，对意象进一步区分。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">意象组织</span></strong>精度增长的连续统一体中存在四个阶段：</p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">1、各元素独立自由存在，各部分之间没有组织和相互联系。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">2、结构在意象中占据了一定地位，各部分之间根据大致的方向，或是相对的距离发生的一些粗浅的关联，但总体上仍然缺乏联系。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">3、也许在大多数情况下结构是灵活的，各部分之间以松散可变的方式相关联，系松散而有弹性。</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">4、随着连系的不断增加，结构也就变得有了刚性，各部分都有了紧密的联系，所有变化都发生在内部。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">0</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 1%;border-style: none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(0, 68, 151);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(0, 68, 151);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">6</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 研究清晰的城市意象有什么意义？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="558" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="237" data-ratio="0.4255555555555556" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibBMnk8bf66gaom8cEITlwheKPcmSuFjNOC7XdXNzbvyktMF5BW6wpBLDYWzwLJghfSXbFQ3CNWhhQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="900" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 558px;height: 237px;border-radius: 8px;"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-shadow: rgb(180, 184, 175) 3.53553px 3.53553px 8px;border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;padding-right: 3px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -45px 0% -5px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 1px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-width: 6px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(218, 171, 0);display: inline-block;text-align: center;width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;line-height: 2.2;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 30px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">6</p></section></section></section><section style="clear: right;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 4.5em !important;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（1）</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一座城市如果有清晰的结构和鲜明的个性，就会让人觉得安全、舒适；</strong>有安全感作保障，人就会更倾向于在城市中开展更复杂的协作，城市也就有机会承载更加复杂多样的活动，收获更旺盛的活力和表现力。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（2）</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市环境还能对人的认知产生影响。</strong>城市环境里除了建筑、道路、设施以外，还包含另外一部分软性的内容，那就是人活动的经验因素，也就是说以往在类似场景重复发生的事情会成为生活经验，会直接影响此时此刻人的判断。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">简.雅各布斯曾经说过：</span></strong>如果一个城市的街道看上去很有意思，那么这个城市也会显得很有意思；如果一个城市的街道看上去单调乏味，那么这个城市也会显得单调乏味</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划的内容不仅是城市意象与物质形态，还包括人的体验和活动。</span></strong></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（3）</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市意象中的标志物，之所以能够成为一个城市的参照点，不仅仅是由于其在空间层面上的一些特点，</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">还有建筑背后的历史和意蕴。</strong>那些年代更为久远的老字号也能够成为一些历史街区的标志物。</p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市意象理论开创了城市空间认知研究的先例，使</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">“可读性”“可意象性”</span></strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">成为理想城市的标志，书中提到的五要素，</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;">成为了解读城市意象的方法并沿用至今。</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5244444" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibBMnk8bf66gaom8cEITlwhe97IXr9r8nFRXlwKQqErfxb3HKsHvNYEM3PavYpluRhsE2BmSGk548w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="900" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;border-radius: 8px;"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(92, 89, 88);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">参考资料来源：</strong>城市意象 | 凯文·林奇</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 2px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 | 摄图网 文 | 小林</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">如有侵权请联系删除</p></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" 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style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0.544px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 111.634px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.9409091" data-type="png" data-w="220" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjDohRkp8mJnD6GiaTyrnyBchb4PTExj078Vcib82mXicHItcAiaN6XwuBD5C5cR3GA3B7fMnKCRqBADw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(238, 237, 235);border-width: 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!important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（点击蓝字可打开链接</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-align: center;white-space: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 15px;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;padding-left: 0.45em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 5px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-left: 2px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(117, 114, 114);text-indent: 0em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛1】国家中心城市建设绩效评估与天津空间发展战略响应研究<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(117, 114, 114);text-indent: 0em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛2】西部国家中心城市的功能体系及西安建设对策研究<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(117, 114, 114);text-indent: 0em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛3】武汉建设国家中心城市的目标愿景及核心策略<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(117, 114, 114);text-indent: 0em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛4】东北振兴战略下沈阳建设国家中心城市策略研究</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: -0.45em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 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middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.75" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0miamsmdkCRSekMMOyPpdibRtnHJ6nReg68o2REQYkpx4HjnlpkicyomwR5h8e8wQlJuYaCocsfmIiaflw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(238, 237, 235);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(238, 237, 235);background-size: 22px;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 287px !important;"  /></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.3037037037037038" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mgQyqwKuibN92QE6IAhWPLnnRGU56XLkLA4ecPzibwZ4wMrrA5jo5ict00AN5B7g66cUlDuwQxJBvPDQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 677px !important;"  /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">识别图中二维码进入微店购买《规划师》杂志</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1" data-s="300,640" data-type="png" data-w="300" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgdpSVByt1ldJIZJtWjGDpclte0e9YI7eCFFxgFhia03tsJh0bSKzgQDkNq7AC5teW1RKfd8DOjedA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 300px !important;"  /></p></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: 4px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《规划师》杂志社                                               </p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 290px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 17px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;">地址：广西南宁市青秀区月湾路1号南国弈园6楼<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 17px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;">邮编：530029</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 17px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;">邮箱：planner@21cn.net</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 17px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;">网址：www.planners.com.cn</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 17px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;">电话：0771-2438012</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 17px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;">传真：0771-2436269</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section>
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