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<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">大家好，今天继续由我带大家读《美国大城市的死与生》的第二部分里的最后三章，也就是目录中标注红色的部分。</span></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="2.2694444" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuJaMtEPFPoqdL69xuIPbVLLaPHiaeF51Vb2kqVib79UqibpG9LL7GJoYTQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 276px;height: 626px;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">>>></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">老建筑之必要</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><<<</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">老建筑对于城市是如此不可或缺，如果没有它们，街道和地区的发展就会失去活力。所谓的老建筑，作者指的不是博物馆之类的老建筑，也不是那些需要昂贵修复的气宇轩昂的老建筑（尽管它们也是重要部分）而是很多普通的、貌不惊人和价值不高的老建筑，包括一些破旧的老建筑。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">如果一个地区缺少老建筑，那么在这个地方能够生存下去的企业肯定只是那些能够负担起昂贵的新建筑成本的企业。要承担起新建筑的高额管理费用，企业就必须做到要么有高额利润，要么有很多的资助。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6434231" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuZKTl8J6l5NRVooTUO6cY8CDg0VJvwHe5kFvDXhToQScKtaY4WJ1iavQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="631" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5623028" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Du8eJnzfD1K1p6ejRTmB8W7b45qo59NhDfbVxWAicPK0WdU90biabklHVQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1268" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5623028" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DutqU2R7gRXDQJTpqXXxMfNQqvMv0LiajdR90IfAggnicIohAJjCznH5Hw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1268" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5622255" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuguSZ0A3Fw7ruPj7ib7ROK4D2aHJMic0lmOWXeADCMFbhuGibIsoHeSIMg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1366" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">芝加哥后院地区街角老建筑</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5623028" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuaxOdtNWoiae4ianKlwtH2F4d0L7o6GqApX5YudRMsKkrAq2ib8tPWibgKA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1268" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5623028" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DunMBK9gvvuShzjpVFU8xYWnsZtwiasib6fiaTb8OO5VhS5fYUYywcFrjhQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1268" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">  格林尼治村随处可见的老建筑</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5622255" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Du7gny6QdFtoNooiaHYzNHibMD8j39Nrb3Og1qklYOJgyfNXLCksu977rg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1366" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">迈阿密喜欢追求新奇建筑</span></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">城市地区现存老建筑较少</span></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市需要各种各样的旧建筑来培育多样性的首要混合用途，以及第二用途。特别是，它们需要旧建筑来孵化新的首要用途。<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">所以为维持经营，纽约布朗克斯区其它商业改做标准化连锁店。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6528354" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Dus7CBibengiawR4SXL7t2vWNstLGa6alqQrS7iaCscZu5VcUKq1qNiav9dA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="723" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">标准化连锁店</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5544101" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuXWKyjXfMOAwXXTWwNCLQtdkHbvtf7VRqB67E1mFyGue9KGeoHFvyicA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="873" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">纽约布朗克斯区被排斥至边缘但受欢迎的街头商业</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">保留这些旧建筑的意义决不是要表现过去的岁月留着这些建筑上的衰败的或失败的痕迹。这些旧建筑将会成为这个地区必要的、有重要价值的庇护所，成为很多中等的、低等和无产出的企业的栖身之地。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市里的新建筑的经济价值可以由别的东西——如花费更多的建设资金来代替的。但是，旧建筑是不能随意取代的。这种价值是由时间形成的。这种多样性需要的经济必要条件对于一个充满活力的城市街区而言，只能继承，并在日后的岁月里持续下去。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">简而言之，雅各布斯认为老建筑具有成本上的优势，可以作为中小企业的孵化器，且原有老建筑具有新建筑所不具有的优势，如隔音、空间结构等，雅各布斯主要从经济角度考虑老建筑的价值，未描述老建筑所具有的历史价值。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">联想到当下的中国，我们鼓励万众创业，可以将成本低的旧建筑作为企业的孵化器，充分利用这些老建筑可以为创业者提供低成本的工作场所，并靠近服务对象和市场，利于发现市场需求并服务针对性的客源。是否我们可以将位置较好、配套相对完善的工业厂房改造为众创空间，而不是一味的拆除，进行房地产开发。</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6981402" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DubQYX1ibDeZviaK2c1OzsaoUDIZZMCJek4F3bSiaZyrSXQATsTKibblNJcQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="699" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"> 利用厂房改造的798艺术区</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">>>></span><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">密度之需要</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><<<</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">住宅密度对于城市地区，以及未来的发展非常重要，却很少有人注意到它在发挥活力方面的重要作用。本章将着重讨论城市住宅密度问题。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在正统规划理论和住宅理论中，高密度的住宅享有很不好的名声。它们被认为会导致各种问题和失败。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯认为，至少在我们的城市里，这种认为高密度与麻烦，或高密度与贫民区之间存在着某种联系的看法是不正确的。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者列举了旧金山、费城等地区案例，其中密度较高的有旧金山北滩—电报山80-140/英亩，比西拉迪逊55-60/英亩更受欢迎，更具活力；在纽约布鲁克林最令人羡慕、最收欢迎和最紧跟时代的街区是布鲁克林“高地”，住宅密度达到125-174/英亩，周边灰色地带其住宅密度只有“高地”的一半或更低。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5623028" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuGV2QxVZW7jKaqu3ZhzqEpEPicPJsGjubfI9b0OfTyyJzdvS2l5Nk1bQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1268" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5623028" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Du1ianNNBQLCiciboXibs3Yo4YbkybzbdcicPWqpYAcuHNU34M9WibUqFuuLiaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1268" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5622255" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuxHRAcLTkjJj7c8xjrxYaqNo3Hwz3YKR4iclnXKbRRnickLZDmRwQaORQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1366" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">旧金山电报山地区</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5623028" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuibgljF7icGYbKXicEQjujhCek1AbXVCmsGPU9hZ8hSfo1IA7zGPTUKGdg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1268" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5623028" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuXBrPEVISXEqq11Ric2PRIhBVH8pk06ed2RIKrc8vicXG27ydoVu0KXbQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1268" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5623028" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DusX75DucDy2iafsQhibMXdp29iaQwhUSVOj4hy15TIwReS6AxOecqYicytA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1268" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"> 布鲁克林高地</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.582636" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Dun9dWJLxPpzeCcyFBgZJgu0kXAXM1RUJhcGdX3lQq64eHTrFcRgzVUQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="956" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.526776" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuUw9y1VUiawhV5zKmRzo7yaCclPGZiadhPlBtHmK1VPcgkVdVic23vg0wg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="915" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5400891" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Du1TrMNk2rSOodC3bMt9xdKpJW48mBRsgYfTvaG6whVE9gGIQuoZWDmA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="898" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">脱离贫民化的波士顿北端</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.593914" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuVLicpa3ribaur5vGyy26Ghb9x0W7atMuZrSTMK6Ds1cIUJwNdc9lzU4A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="953" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5501691" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Dun0al4RxatFLxiahahibACWdAAHttTjJ4NG27vx0gvDEeKY3295syOSEg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="887" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5830619" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuNVOX5K9JpKtib60iarmRSFpW26yjVG75mMtEOqWbP9Es7deldwjaXe6A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="921" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">密度只有波士顿北端九份之一</span></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">却持续衰落的波士顿罗克斯布地区</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">“</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">高密度地区</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">”成为“有活力的高密度地区”主要受哪些因素影响？</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">简单认为城市里的高密度地区都是运转很好的地区，那也不对，不能简单的认为密度就是解决问题的“答案”。</span><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">如果我们把人口密度和产生多样性之间的关系看成是一种简单的、直接的数字问题，我们就不能理解高密度和低密度的效应到底是什么。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">这种关系的结果还受其它因素的很大的影响，包括主要用途混合、小街段、老建筑三个方面。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">一个住宅区的住宅密度不管有多高，如果因为其他方面因素的不到位而阻碍或压制了多样性，那么密度再高也起不了什么作用。比如，在一些严格按照规划设置的住宅区里，密度再高也没有用，因为多样性早已经被“定制”好了。同样的情况，因为不同的原因，也会发生在城市一些未经规划的街区里。在那些地方，建筑过于标准化，或者街段过长，或者除了住宅以外，没有其他的首要用途。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市住宅区的合适的密度应该是什么？</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">合适的城市住宅密度是一个根据实际情况判断的问题，不能根据一些抽象的数据来得出密度是多少，即根据土地的数量来测算理想状态喜爱应该配有多少人（这就像是生活在一个想象的一切皆是安排顺当的社会里）。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">如果密度不是有助于而是阻碍城市的多样性，那么这样的密度不是过高就是过低。这就是在实际情况中过低或过高的表现。我们看待密度，就应该像看待卡路里和维生素一样。实际情况是多少就应该是多少。在不同的情况下，合适的尺度也是不同的。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在郊区，雅各布斯认为每英亩12或者更少的住宅密度是正常的；只要这些地方的住宅和街区不会完全成为大城市的一部分，那么这样的密度还是有充分理由的。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5970619" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuDMLicDAVOSZx6NrFgWGOBbjOtoeQobGMRAeHaFaPUQywJmtQ9A4GRSQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="953" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5893452" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuhxteFsHl9VGMScficOjv7kuyKQ4DO4mQVxcUK31LEpXmDJ1ia9lWjibug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="901" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">波士顿郊区住宅区</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>在半郊区特征和城市功能消失的地带与多样性活跃和公共生活能够产生地带之间，存在着一个处于大城市不同密度之间的低于，作者称为“间于”密度地带。</strong><strong>这些地方既不适合于郊区生活也不适合于城市生活。总地来说，它们什么也不适合，只适合制造麻烦。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">对于“间于”密度地带止于何地这样的问题，一个有用的答案是：当土地全部用于住宅的地区的密度达到一定高的程度，以致其首要用途的多样性能够帮助生发第二类城市多样性和活力，从数字上说，应该位于每英亩100幢住宅左右，那么“间于”密度地带就消失了。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5742678" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuBaZ3L3lQHmT4aC0iaIcYwyOa7ZneFqpGzuEewS9OYtvX4Jl8pnrfaQA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="956" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5980392" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Dum9UPKnf2l6spoeibyVvUddxhFjlDBCKUKRoRa22ia3yObpmUZQ27G2Tw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="918" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">“间于”密度住宅</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>城市住宅密度究竟“应该”达到多高？能够达到多高？</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">如果我们面对的客体是活生生的城市生活，那么住宅密度就应该高到能够最大程度的促进地区潜在多样性的需要。城市地区和城市人口拥有创造一个充满活力和吸引力的城市的潜在能力，为什么要浪费这种潜在能力呢？</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">但当密度过高时，就会开始压抑而不是激发多样行，理由如下：有时候，为了能让一个住宅区拥有很多住宅，规划者们就会起用建筑的标准化。发生这种情况是致命的，因为建筑年代和样式的多样化与人口、企业（商业）和景致的多样性有着直接的明确的联系。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">标准化会导致住宅类型减少，城市街区不能只有一种房屋模样，即使是增加到两种或三种，那也不会是一种好的方式。房屋的种类越多，情况才会越好。一旦建筑类型的种类下降，人口和企业的多样性也会下降或趋向滞缓，而不是增加。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5868852" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuDegK8ofuRMIvfCIUPM3K3cbTzTrX06jGiaIt6dpdZQU9gHaBzGPo0zw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="915" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6141125" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Duria50O0NPLWJ0Gxm90GB3IBHFYR5WwHDHng9GMGSLZEywxUtE3kGiaIQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="907" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.578022" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuA9z5ZtPwbemL3KCcnfxFDJVUIOlSuO52aicvdRsptXgYMNjHlDDPwhw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="910" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"> 标准化的住宅</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在同等条件下，低用地覆盖率容易导致标准化，进而会引起住宅建筑种类单一、电梯公寓出现，低用地覆盖率与建筑的多样化及可行的城市密度是处于一种互不相容的状况中。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5674603" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuYeFEUHT8gDTmDD3k8DeItbFVPzfoVicEkI3gwbxYlRoIw5bPXD90HWA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1008" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5459402" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DujnheguThKA0dJTD7LDsbTEHRSJyB9yXNc3HQWjPISeJOJHBiappuADw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="936" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">最高密度能够达到多少，同时又不被标准化，作者提出应该在每英亩200个住宅单位单元左右。雅各布斯认为格林尼治村就符合这种要求。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5742678" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DucW06b9r8cSAjydBjZurtobiaoCN4fJLPGqrXic0zfrjdicNuFkzsSNVDA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="956" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5729847" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DucrKibfIcvaW3kJm6sYnB7MVrYmQRfnptibLIPnMyMH4icApMt3nOMHGSg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="918" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">  格林尼治村</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在高密度地区，高用地覆盖率对房屋类型的多样化是一个必然条件。但是，覆盖率过高，尤其是达到70%时，就会让人不能忍受。特别是当住宅区中间没有分割作用的街道时，就更让人受不了了。高覆盖率再加上长街段让人感到很压抑。频繁的街道可以在房屋之间留下很多空间，因此可以弥补街道傍边高覆盖率的不足。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5884178" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuHQmtTqyDSvOoicYOwVyCFF1v3QzheWLiccGicOXjJficNVWiausoia6b9KEg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="967" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6141125" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuVxWicEtPpB0sNQgic3lC7zKzDQ6NOydOpPHOibcNG1oH8icBapdlhZYysQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="907" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"> 高用地覆盖率且长街段的街道给人压抑感</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(73, 71, 71);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">更多的街道，在活跃地区更多的公园，各种非住宅建筑与住宅的融合，再加上住宅建筑本身的多样性——会产生一种与收到高密度和覆盖率困扰的地区完全不同的效应。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>针对人口集中问题，有三种观念：</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">第一种是人总是数量少时才显出魅力，而数量很多时则会表现处令人厌恶的一面。从这种观念出发，应该通过一切手段使人口的密度减少到最低程度；</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">第二种观念是不应该过于强调高密度人口中固有的丰富多彩的一面，相反应该有所收敛，并且把它改造城缺少变化的、符合少量人看的情况，或者干脆就是人口稀疏的情况下常常表现出的那种一体化的模式，按照这样的逻辑，应将人口分留或分散，解决得越体面、越悄无声息越好，就像在生产鸡蛋的现代农场里对待鸡的方式那样。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">第三种观点认为在城市里的具有一定密度的人口可以被认为是一个积极的因素的信念下，可以得出这么一个推论：城市中大量人口的存在应该作为一个事实得到确确实实的接受，而且应该将这种存在当做一种资源来对待和使用：在需要激活城市生活的地方，提高人口密度，同时，把目标定在促进街区生活的活跃程度，不仅在经济而且在视觉方面，竭尽全力激发和增加多样性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯认为人口的集中是一种资源，我们的责任是提高城市人的生活。在这样的条件下，既有密度又有足够的多样性，以此给城市人口提供一个发展城市生活的良好机会。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">>>></span><strong style="font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;">有关多样性的一些神话</strong><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><<<</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><br  /></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>多样性<strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;">会不</strong>会生出丑陋的城市外貌 ？</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">有些人认为，混合用途会产生丑陋的视觉，会导致交通阻塞，会招致混乱的后果。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯认为城市不同用途之间的互相融合不会陷入混乱。相反，它代表了一种高质量发展的复杂的秩序。建筑以及其他用途间的融合是城市地区获得成功的必要条件。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">欣欣向荣的城市多样性由多种因素组成，包括混合首要用途、频繁出入的街道、各个年代的建筑以及密集的使用者等。这样的多样性是不会含有那些规划理论的伪科学所传统臆测的恶劣情况的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">有些人认为城市用途的多样性在外表上注定会产生凌乱的结果。同时，它也表明，那些拥有统一用途的地方则肯定在外观上要更好、或者不管怎样，至少看上去更舒服，更经得起审美的检验。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在实际生活中，用途间的一致性或近似会产生审美效果上的很多困惑。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6087432" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuK9cljTxt4yWPtJ29rhvjfsnFuTMlH8iaT8RZarTibicQtyhQQAyDdibibiaw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="915" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;text-align: center;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">单一的住宅用途</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5947426" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuEpGVo7MboTyZrPWicvk5Ad7EQK3IbXH2paGrftBicvJcqgokNRwX98gA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="913" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">单一的办公用途</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6281909" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Du3H54zLDBtoX6icHlAUpIxETxlLqhCr3lyJQRHOlFbhMqHujdGCkD4Ug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="901" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">单一用途的商业</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">如果用途间的一致性不加任何掩饰的展现出来，那只有一种效果——单调。从表面上看，这种单调或许可以被视为一种秩序，但那是没有生气的秩序。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">从审美效果上说，很不幸的是，这种一体化的地方实际上更是表现出深层次上的混乱：一种失去方向感的混乱。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在一些用途统一的地方，我们常常能看到人们在建筑间特意做出一些特别的标志，以示差异和不同。但是，这种人为做出的差异会产生审美效果问题，因为本身应有的差异—那些来自真正的不同用途的差异—在这些建筑间以及它们的背景中很缺乏，因此，那些人为做出的差异会显得非常刺眼。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">街道或街区用途的一体化程度越高，企图突破这种形式，表现出不同特性的欲望也就越强，但所能做到的也只有一种方式而已。洛杉矶的威尔榭大道就是这么一个例子：在连绵几英里全是一片写字楼的单调区域里，可以一次又一次地看到实现区别而精心设置的标志，但那只是表面现场的标志而已。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6251366" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DudbVNWlKcAdorb4fp1sPRauDBMlwrnNcViblrNp1SyLwPWZ05QjVMC4A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="915" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5881709" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuIUtJwHKibogwdiaic30KYkns0WTuJLzLcMZ45ByFT902rpSxQqu1HgO1A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="913" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶的威尔榭大道</span></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在城市地区，如果某个地方在用途和功能上都一体化，那么这本身就会让城市陷入一个左右为难的地步，而且情况要比郊区更加严重，因为城市地区的主要景致都是建筑。要让这些建筑都归于一体化，这实在是太荒唐了，必然不会有什么好结果。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯认为城市多样性并不存在着内在的丑陋一面。有这种想法完全是一种误解，是简单化的、不加思考的误解。但是，城市如果缺少多样性，那就注定会一方面导致压抑，另一方面也会导致混乱的感受。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>多样性会不会产生交通拥挤？</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯认为，交通拥挤是由交通工作，而不是由人造成的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在任何人口稀疏，而不是集中的地方，或者，在任何没有多样性用途的地方，任何一个能招引人来的地点都会发生交通拥挤。像诊所、购物中心或电影院这样的地方都会带来交通的集中——更为严重的是在交通来往多的地方造成阻塞。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">缺少多层次集中的多样性是人们做任何事情都不得不依靠汽车。道路和停车需要的空间使得一切更加向外发展，导致了车辆更多的使用。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>允许所有的用途都存在<strong style="font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;">会不</strong>会有破坏作用？</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">要回答这个问题，需要分清几种不同的用途——有些用途确实是有害的，而另外一些是在习惯上被认为是有害的，其实并不是。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">有一类用途——垃圾场就是其中的一种——对一个地区的便利、吸引力和人口的集中都不会有什么好处，不仅不会带来好处，相反，这些用途还会荒废土地，影响审美景观，二手车市场就属于这一类。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">垃圾场这样的问题不是通过多样性的恐惧和压抑可以解决的，而是要通过催生和培育针对多样性的适宜的经济环境来解决。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">规划者和划分者习惯上认为的有害用途还有另外一类，特别是当这一类用途与住宅区混合在一起时，其危害性就更大。这一类包括酒吧、剧院、诊所、营业场所和生产场所。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">这一类场所当然是不会有什么危害的；那种认为应该对这些用途严格控制的论调是基于它们在郊区和单调沉闷且有内在危险的灰色地带生产的效应，而不是在活跃的城市地区的效应。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">最后一种情况，除非能对停车场、大型或重型卡车维修厂、加油站、大型室外广告以及某些企业安置在什么地方有所控制，否则这种情况会在城市的多样化地带产生很多危害。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5788849" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuTAzbEXLNPuMXVhCbQ2coWXyzHAGicGysAom3jF1aIdWicD0Z4nkgu3MQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="843" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">占据街角位置的加油站</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5407855" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuiatWSsRrTlupDezGiagVxcqS9rI1HDLLZ8icibmI9c23DZRXqdq0OFcNibw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="993" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5930101" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuVqUMTaib5wlwsmWmXeXQ9JuPV3EeZvibwXk5vx7xy5UArib8qo2hdsOug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="887" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">二手车市场</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">它们的危害不是本身的缘故，而是因为在某些街道上，它们的规模不适合这些街道的具体情况。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在街道上，如果某个场所非常不和谐地占用了过大的面积，这种突兀的感觉就像是在街上扔下了一颗炸弹，把整条街炸得支离破碎。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5957895" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuFFd3LHuNUI7LAWJ1AbB0icOWGoFHKA8FEltLPia4OEGrWoEqGL4LQPiaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="950" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4668142" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuVGwn5CDUspZnx6uoeX8EvSicmWbbgczn1ibiaOJqzoPiaOgJ7arBW39JdA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="904" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">占地面积巨大的购物中心</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">这样的街道需要一些控制手段来防备过于宽松的多样性可能给它们带来的毁坏。但是，控制并不是对于用途的类型的控制，而是对于占用街面大小的控制。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯认为城市划分的一个最大误区便是导致了单调现象的产生，并认为另一误区是它无视用途的规模（在规模会成为问题的地方），或者说是与用途的类别相混淆，而这一方面导致街道的视觉紊乱（有时候是功能紊乱），另一方面则会对用途类别的大小或效应不加区别，一视同仁。由此，多样性非但没有至少是有限地得到表现，某些地方反而遭到了压抑。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;text-align: left;"><em style="font-size: 14px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">今天的领读也到此结束，谢谢大家！</span></em><br  /></p><section powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: 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