国匠城工作台

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fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 15px;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(107, 107, 107);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">【北京规划建设】是由与《北京规划建设》杂志联合推出的栏目，这里有新认知与旧经验的碰撞，新媒体与传统媒体的聚合。《北京规划建设》创刊于1987年，迄今已有32年的办刊历史。期刊强调深邃的思想性、厚重的理论性、丰富的实践性及敏锐的新闻性。【北京规划建设】系列既有严谨洗练的学术论文，也有轻松活泼的随笔。你走，我不送你；你来，无论多大风雨，我都等你。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 303.3 4.6" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M189.5,1.8c-1.4,0-2.7,0-4.1-0.3c-0.6-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.7-0.5c-0.3-0.1-1.5-1.3-1.3-0.4      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style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(253, 233, 239);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;margin: -30px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.81" data-w="800" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/PWD9zRJ2icM2zIL7s5ZiaxFpgJic8RFSsrtI0njLUse90RKaqPv4EOGTRIgeObTGpKdPjibIEcsNZZgic6sWX3p2O0A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-18440-1551594723299" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">摘要：</strong>自1994年起，英国政府开始利用国家彩票计划（National Lottery）的部分资金资助城市复兴项目，随着资金的充盈，部分项目得以顺利推进，为城市综合发展或雪中送炭或锦上添花，这种资金支持举措进入21世纪后尤为明显。资助的项目范围广泛，从城市文化、体育建筑到公共空间；从科研建筑到宗教类建筑均有涉及。国家彩票属于博彩行业，由于其性质特殊，一方面它可以为政府带来一定数量的财政收入，另一方面也引起了人们对采用这一募集资金方式在经济学意义和社会学意义的深层次思考。本文通过分析英国城市复兴建设资金来源演变的社会经济背景，英国博彩行业的规范及发展和国家彩票计划，阐述了英国政府利用部分彩票资金收入进行城市复兴建设的背景；通过分类描述彩票资金所资助的项目及项目类型，理解英国政府对于使用彩票这一“争议性筹资方式”，在其公益性、公平性和对于社会道德价值冲击中三者关系的权衡。近年来随着经济发展，我国的城市复兴建设方兴未艾，其启动资金需求量巨大，给政府带来巨大的经济财政压力。本文希望通过介绍英国城市复兴和国家彩票计划的关联，为我国城市复兴建设拓展资金渠道提供参考和借鉴。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关键词：</strong>彩票计划 英国城市复兴</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="min-height: 40px;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;margin: 0px auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" style="border-collapse: collapse;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;background-color: rgb(239, 154, 154);padding: 4px 4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8815789" data-w="380" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/O9OVv1L3gdk5rOWfOYB6gEyOD4c3VzT8Z7oOLCEeib2HkuIT9b4WZQnauvljGbjiaJcFiaHh3Jiabk94vkDF5KKviaw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;background-color: rgb(255, 235, 238);padding: 4px 4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="90.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(99, 1, 1);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">慈善资金作为英国城市复兴“特殊资金”来源的社会经济背景</strong></p></section></section></section></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">二战后英国开启的城市建设中，城市建设的资金来源和融资方式受政府政策、政治导向、经济环境、社会认知等诸多条件掣肘，一直是城市复兴的重要影响因子。城市复兴是一个投资大、见效慢、收益慢的长时项目，如果没有充足的资金支持及有效的资金链组织和保障，很多项目难以启动甚至会被迫终止。从政府主导投资，以物质性建设带动社会经济发展，到社会进入经济萧条，由于经济疲软，流动资金匮乏，整体经济环境处于下行阶段，政府对城市复兴项目的资助被迫削减、延迟甚至取消。如此的周期性跌宕和全社会的正面和负面预期的综合，促使公营与私营资本在政府引导下寻求新的合作方式以适应和满足城市基础设施更新的需要。同时，在资金运营的管理上也逐步向职业经理人和私人企业管理模式倾斜，PPP（Public Private Partnership）模式、慈善基金以恰当的方式介入等，都对城市复兴的建设运营管理起到了良性的作用。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在人类历史上，注重实践勇于创新的英国人总是会给人类社会发展提供极具价值的理论、方法启迪，从亚当·斯密到约翰·凯恩斯，他们的社会学和经济学思想直到今天都在深刻地影响着我们的社会经济生活。通过借鉴英国拓展城市复兴计划资金来源的经验，分析研究英国政府和英国社会接纳各种类型资金进入城市基础建设领域的历史演进轨迹，从而将我们尚不熟悉的慈善资金，特别是将博彩形式募集的慈善资金引入我国城市复兴建设的可行性做出经济学和社会学意义上科学合理的判断。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;padding-bottom: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪50-60年代</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">福利国家与公共利益至上的意识形态</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">50-60年代，城市重建（Urban Reconstruction）和城市复苏（Urban Revitalization）<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[1]</span>主要解决快速增长的住房需求，并分别由国家和地方政府主导。在福利国家<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[2]</span>制度下，城市建设主要由政府控制并提供资金，强调私人部门利益对公共部门利益的服从。此阶段 “政府主要从物质和土地使用规划方面看待城市问题 ”<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[3]</span>从60年代中后期，政府开始对经济不活跃及社会不公正的局部地区，做出试验性的政策调整。从纯政府财政性的投资，注重物质性建设，逐步转向关注所投资区域的社会经济综合效应。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;padding-bottom: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪70年代</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">民营资本介入城市经济发展</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">70年代，英国政府推广城市更新（Urban Renewal）<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[4]</span>，提出了至关重要的城市发展白皮书（The 1977 Urban White Paper: Policy for the Inner City），试图统筹解决在政府投资主导下，英国城市发展中事与愿违地出现经济衰退、贫困集中、种族歧视等主要问题社会经济问题。其中，针对经济发展问题，白皮书建议采用公私合作的模式，给予私营资本<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[5]</span>以投资机会，使其可以帮助政府解决城市复兴建设的资金困难并从中适当获利。在这一阶段，私营资本的角色在城市复兴中初露头角，政府通过撬动私营资本来获取城市复兴的多元化资金来源。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;padding-bottom: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪80年代</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">自由市场经济与公私合作</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">直至80年代，英国进入城市再开发（Urban Redevelopment）<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[6]</span>阶段政府无法负担且也不应负担城市建设所需的全部资金的观点已逐步被全社会认可。“撒切尔夫人执政后不久，她所带领的保守党政府认为造成城市问题的主要原因包括国家干预过多，公共支出太高，个人和团体对国家依赖太大以及政府对自由市场经济的限制。”<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[7]</span>因此，这一时期的建设项目的资金来源更注重采用公私合作的方式，进一步运用市场的力量来实现城市再开发。这个时间段中，城市开发专项资金（The Urban Development Grant，UDG）<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[8]</span>为私营资本创造了有利的投资环境，提高了投资保障。期间所形成的城市发展政策均偏重以公私合作的模式，以房地产行业的发展带动城市复兴。尽管上述公私合作的模式一定程度改善了落后区域的城市面貌，但同时拉大了贫富差距，产生了其它相关社会问题。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;padding-bottom: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪90年代</span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">非官方机构参与形成多方博弈局面</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">90年代，由于各类社会矛盾的加剧，在由自由主义经济及企业主义主导城市复兴浪潮后，出现了强调物质与社会协调发展的新模式，即城市复兴（Urban Regeneration）<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[9]</span>。此模式注重通过出资方式和比例的调节，使得私营资本、政府机构与社区民众间的联系合作更加紧密。在新模式下，政府出台单一更新预算政策（Single Regeneration Budget， SRB）<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[10]</span>，政府与非政府组织开展城市复兴均可获得财政补贴，通过这一模式“将当地政府、志愿部门和社区重新整合到城市复兴过程当中，通过竞争分配补贴资金，理顺和简化城市政策倡议。”<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[11]</span>非政府组织、志愿者、公益等组织因此得以更多的参与到城市复兴建设中，发挥平衡与协调私人企业、政府、社区利益与关系的重要作用。其中，贡献较为突出的便是国家彩票计划，它于1994年起对城市复兴建设提供资助，重点支持健康、教育、体育、历史文物事业。筹资渠道多样化、建设项目细分化、利益诉求多元化成为这一阶段英国城市复兴的重要特征。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">纵观英国城市复兴建设的历史演进轨迹，从二战后城市建设启动以来，英国城市复兴的资金来源由最开始的单一化政府财政资金，过渡至通过自由市场经济刺激引入私营资本，到最后社会资本及社区概念的引入，逐步走向多元化。目前，城市复兴建设中基础性、纯公益性（非营利性）项目的资金来源主要分为三大类：政府债券（Municipal Bond）、税收增量融资（Tax Incremental Finance）、慈善基金（Charitable Foundation）。在城市复兴建设项目中，以国家彩票计划为筹资来源的慈善基金的注入，提升了项目的总体管理水平和项目中其他社会资本的短期盈利水平，由此得以激发尽可能多的私营资本参与城市复兴的积极性。同时，慈善资金的加入使得城市建设中社区的参与程度不断提升，城市建设中的社会公平、社会环境塑造等问题得到了更多的重视。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国金融服务集团（PNC）首席执行官吉米·罗尔曾评论：借助于少量慈善资金的投入，刺激并带动更多的私营资本跟进，建立公共（政府）和私人伙伴关系，共同投资以取得最佳回报率的方式，不易出现许多（以往有政府单独投入而疏于管理）失败甚至破产的项目。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">传统的做法，对于类似城市复兴这样具有极强公益性和基础性项目的建设，都是依靠政府财政资金来完成的。本文介绍并讨论英国政府将通过国家彩票计划获得的慈善资金引入城市复兴项目，其不仅增加了建设资金来源，也为审视城市复兴项目资金使用和管理模式提供了新的视角，由此也产生了与政府主导的传统模式相异的全新运营模式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国“国家彩票计划”自1994年推行以来已为慈善事业筹集了287亿英镑，整个英国共有165486个项目受益于这一基金<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[12]</span>。这是英国自19世纪以来最大的城市和社会复兴工程。英国彩票慈善资金在城市复兴项目中的应用为英国千禧年、2012年奥运会等的城市建设项目的完成起到了不可或缺的作用，并持续影响着项目所在区域的经济、就业及社会稳定。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="min-height: 40px;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;margin: 0px auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" style="border-collapse: collapse;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;background-color: rgb(239, 154, 154);padding: 4px 4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8815789" data-w="380" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/O9OVv1L3gdk5rOWfOYB6gEyOD4c3VzT8Z7oOLCEeib2HkuIT9b4WZQnauvljGbjiaJcFiaHh3Jiabk94vkDF5KKviaw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;background-color: rgb(255, 235, 238);padding: 4px 4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="90.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(99, 1, 1);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">英国国家彩票与公益事业</strong></p></section></section></section></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;padding-bottom: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">英国博彩的历史溯源与公益性</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从16世纪中后期起，英国便兴起彩票、赛马和赌场等博彩活动。至19世纪，英国的博彩业主要是以发行彩票为核心业务，政府部门是彩票的发行主体，议会和政府对彩票的发行和使用具有决定权。发行彩票的最初目的是为了解决国家大型项目的建设资金以及战争开支等，但并不具有明确的慈善目的。后来由于管理失控，非法彩票和赌博泛滥，人们在投机心理的驱使下对博彩狂热追逐，社会道德价值取向扭曲。针对这种情况，英国政府和议会通过立法对彩票的发行与资金的使用进行了严格规定，即“法律允许博彩的前提是其应当是旨在支持慈善事业、体育事业等公益性事业的发展，而非任何其它的营利性目的。”<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[13]</span>政府彩票发行所带来的筹措资金方式的便捷，和“中彩”刺激下社会反应的热烈，对国家的财税收入贡献明显，一定程度产生了良好的社会经济效应。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;padding-bottom: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">英国国家彩票计划</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国家彩票是由英国议会批准发行的专项彩票计划，是只有法定合格的主体在提出申请并获得许可证后才具有资格参与该项彩票发行计划。1993年《国家彩票业法》第一条第一款规定：“彩票的经营实行许可证制度，由政府总监对彩票零售商或拟定的彩票零售商颁发许可证”。从这一规定来看，国家彩票的发行具有完整的法律规范机制、许可证制度。且国家彩票计划的目的规定明确，该彩票募集的资金用于支持公益事业的发展，绝大部分都用于体育事业、慈善事业和艺术事业。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国公益事业基金会（Good Causes Fund, GCD）是由国家彩票于1994年设立的慈善组织，其目的是将彩票收入用于帮助改善英国的社区生活，缓解社会矛盾。遵从英国国会要求，国家彩票每售出1英镑的彩票，提取至少28便士的资金加上未兑奖的奖金和利息作为慈善基金。自公益事业基金会成立以来，国家彩票计划为慈善事业筹得超过310亿英镑。资金的分配由其下设的12家机构负责审批用款申请。独立的资金管理审批机构按以下类别及比例分配资金（图1）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7761733" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9y23nkU4a3n44OAicUyRaqa1vibtticXic1H8fZRK3enO2P4N7Lcyts9TsQg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图1 国家彩票计划资金分配比例</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：http://www.euro-millions.com/zh/good-causes）</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">健康、教育、环境和慈善事业（40%）</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该基金致力于改善英国居民生活，改善社区环境，资助聋哑人、疑难杂症患者等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">体育（20%）</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该基金用于建设、并向社会提供更好的体育设备、提高体育运动的公众参与度，建设体育场馆、奖励激励运动员等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">艺术（20%）</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该基金致力于鼓励英国各项艺术文化活动、培养民众的参与热情、提供更好的文化体验、资助艺术相关活动及文艺建筑等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">文化遗产（20%）</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该基金主要资助历史重要遗址、自然环境遗址、文化传统遗址及公园、博物馆和纪念碑等，该基金管理审批机构也是英国负责维护修缮国家文化遗产资金的唯一管理结构。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这12家独立机构的性质均为非政府部门公共机构（Non-departmental public body. NDBP）， 尽管是非政府部门，机构在财政及运营管理上受政府监管，并通过有关政府部门向国会报告。基金所资助的对象种类繁多，从个人到设施、建筑、片区建设，从文物古迹到基础设施。更加值得关注的是，通过资助名单可发现，资助受益方多数为地区市政委员会或地方管理服务机构，由于这类代表所管辖区域公共利益的机构获得了资金资助，使得他们拥有了更多在地区规划建设发展中的话语权。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="min-height: 40px;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;margin: 0px auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" style="border-collapse: collapse;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;background-color: rgb(239, 154, 154);padding: 4px 4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8815789" data-w="380" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/O9OVv1L3gdk5rOWfOYB6gEyOD4c3VzT8Z7oOLCEeib2HkuIT9b4WZQnauvljGbjiaJcFiaHh3Jiabk94vkDF5KKviaw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;background-color: rgb(255, 235, 238);padding: 4px 4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="90.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(99, 1, 1);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">国家彩票计划与英国城市复兴</strong></p></section></section></section></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1993年，千禧年委员会（Millennium Commission）</span><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[14]</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作为非政府部门，旨在辅助社区和地区开发具有历史意义、能够激发民族情感的项目。其中主要包含： 城市地标建筑、具有教育意义的项目、历史建筑的维修与扩建工程、城市文化项目等。从1995年到2003年间，国家彩票计划陆续资助千禧年委员会13亿镑用于225个英国复兴项目的建设，有效地刺激英国城市面貌的改善。其涉及的领域既包含旅游景区、也囊括教育、科研、艺术及环境提升等。随着城市问题的加剧，国家彩票计划资金的到位为该理念的实践提供了经济支持。千禧委员会所推动的225个建设项目，可分为如下两大类别：城市旗舰项目，以重点项目的建设带动片区经济文化及科研教育的发展；片区服务项目，以单体或服务设施的建设改善城市物质空间，服务区域民众、改善邻里关系。彩票计划的资金在投入后，千禧委员会对资金的使用行驶监管和评估的职责，以确保资金在项目中发挥最大的作用和价值。由此可见，以上两个模式均倡导服务于民众。其资助方式主要强调非营利性、带动性，借此体现其公益性。其次，资金自起始便受政府和议会等机构的多方关注，其监管流程的透明化、管理的规范化，确保了其公平性。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;padding-bottom: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市复兴旗舰项目</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">旗舰项目的尺度不一，有新建建筑，老建筑的改造和再利用，也有开放空间（如公园、展览场所）的改造等。大部分旗舰项目的资金由国家彩票支持，因此让全体民众受益是项目选择的重要衡量标准。旗舰项目中，多数为标志性区域的规划建设，旨在通过建立城市名片，鼓励私营机构对落后地区的投资，最大限度地提升土地价值、繁荣消费、推动就业增长，以节点规划带动区域发展，如谢菲尔德城市中心区更新、朴茨茅斯海港观景塔、伊甸园工程。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">从城市老城中心到市民文化活动的聚集地——谢菲尔德城市中心区</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">谢菲尔德作为英国古老的工业城，素有钢铁之城的美誉。从二战前到20世纪90年代，城市经历了由工业所带动的人口聚集，为城市带来大规模建设浪潮的阶段；到产业坍塌，谢菲尔德工业衰落至最低点，城市形成大片的贫民窟的阶段；再至城市经过产业转型期，借助举办世界大学运动会的机会，重新定位城市发展方向，大力打造教育产业、体育产业和创意产业的阶段。1994年，政府提出对谢菲尔德城市中心更新策略，为后续中心城区的建设提供引导，并于1996年提出了中心城区的商业发展策略。借助于国家彩票计划的资金，政府推出城市发展规划竞赛“重塑城市中心”（remaking the heart of the city）。中心区整体规划于2000年正式提出，规划通过公共空间的重塑造，构架X型的中心公共活动区及路径（图2），通过道路、休闲广场、公共雕塑及艺术活动的建设营造，将城市的七大片区有机联系起来，使其关系更加紧密，从而构建一个更具活力与吸引力的城市空间。城市中心区受英国各方注资共计4250万镑，其中含国家彩票计划注资2200万镑，以中心区的修缮建设为核心，旨在消除区划间的隔离，重塑城市名片，为区域拉动投资建设，提供更多就业机会。计划建设三个新广场、千禧年展览馆、冬季公园、星级酒店、办公、住宅、公共停车场等设施；并通过建设全市唯一国际水准的展览馆，激活大片区的更新建设（图3）。John Ruskin说：“城市文明的伟大之处是通过公共空间、公园、广场的品质所呈现的”。谢菲尔德通过彩票基金的注入实现了城市中心公共区域的重新塑造，为城市带来了新活力，吸引了民营资本投资，为区域发展带来契机，最大限度的实现取之于民用之于民。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5830325" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9yVSia0WWTKicBg6KtDWgXiaK5U4VBib4meex5g4PiaeFP5WK3VicIGicbRCwkQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图2 2000年城市中心区总体规划的七大片区及x型空间构架</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：Sheffield One City Report Figure 14 底图，信息自绘）</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8282098" data-w="553" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9yKnxADOHH0VUCTV90lwbRFyYgzuIpiba1EU05ibAT7ibia2etgWR8h6aEdA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图3 “重塑城市中心“规划建成的项目</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：http://www.kpaj.or.kr/_common/do.php?a=full&b=12&bidx=271&aidx=3288）</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">从工业棕地到滨海商业区——朴茨茅斯海港观景塔</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6425993" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9y4T4QFIMib3fdLBMJJCuShlcndSibNvT1SbVEwx4eD2F6154gb6iagGEIw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图4 朴茨茅斯港片区</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：Portsmouth city council, Shaping the future of Portsmouth, A strategy for growth and prosperity in Portsmouth）</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国朴茨茅斯港（Portsmouth Harbor）<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[15]</span>，位于伦敦西南100多公里处，西接商港南安普敦，南临英吉利海峡。它曾是英国皇家海军最大、最重要的军事基地，见证了英国海军的辉煌。1981年，英国政府决定关闭朴茨茅斯海军码头，允许相关沿海地块内进行自由买卖，为此港口多数与皇家海军相关的产业都需要重新定位。航海军事相关产业一度是朴茨茅斯的主要产业方向，港口地块的发展和更新亟待成为引导城市转型的先锋者，带动城市的就业及服务行业发展，这些项目统称为“朴茨茅斯海港的复兴”。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562387" data-w="553" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9ytFcibbF6sFNXNxxPzibeaKHS2GdYwKQdH487tVSUGGEWK5Dcsuq2picFA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图5 冈沃夫码头片区</span></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：https://www.dronemybusiness.co.uk/new-blog/2016/9/23/professional-uav-drone-hire-southampton-portsmouth-bournemouthbasingstoke）</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">受彩票资金资助的是其中冈沃夫码头的复兴，其作为面向法国和西班牙的海上门户，成为了复兴项目的重中之重。项目总投资9636万镑，其中彩票计划资助3919万镑，占比超过1/3。项目建设与运营的目标包括：使朴茨茅斯港成为国际文化遗产和世界级的旅游景点；建设一个高流通性的、令人愉悦的、有海洋文化历史特征的活动场所；为强化其旅游定位，建设新的服务设施及景观塔，为该区域创造新的发展机遇；实现从单一国防功能的军事海港到集娱乐商业及军事防御于一体的多功能港口的完美转型。冈沃夫码头片区由城市方向进入便是休闲购物广场，沿全长六公里的休闲步道深入可以到达位于海滨路径的阿联酋航空斯宾纳克景观塔。景观塔是整个码头片区中最为耀眼的建筑，自从开业后已有近250万参观者到访 <span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[16]</span>。政府鼓励当地学校组织教学参观，使在校学生对于海港的发展历程和现况有更为直观的了解。标志性景观塔及海滨休闲商业片区的建设，重新利用了旧时码头仓储区，通过对片区的重新定位，海滨步道的引入，使原本封闭的海边空间成为市民喜爱的休闲场所。据千禧年委员会2004-2005年度财政报告显示：国家彩票计划的资金只资助了该复兴项目的标志性景观塔，两个游客中心及海滨步道等公共空间的建设。其余商业开发、居住开发由后续私营资本负责。由此可见，彩票收入为项目起始建设提供资助，通过基础服务设施的建设，确立项目的整体基调并吸引私营机构的进入，最终实现项目整体的成功运营。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">从废弃深坑地到科研旅游教育中心——英国伊甸园工程</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国伊甸园项目位于英格兰西南部康沃尔郡（Cornwall county）圣奥斯特尔(St.Austell town)附近一座废弃的粘土矿区，总投资7400万镑，其中彩票资金资助5937万镑（图6）。伊甸园项目自1996年开始规划，于2001年建成向公众开放，项目主要由八个充满未来主义色彩的巨大蜂巢式穹顶建筑构成，建筑内部仿造地球上各种不同的生态环境，展示了不同的生物群，容纳了成千上万的奇花异草。除作为植物园吸引游客及旅游相关产业外，伊甸园也被作为全球重要的生物研究中心、科研教育基地、环保教育中心、主题公园。从开园以来，伊甸园多次被评选为英国民众喜爱的现代建筑，破纪录的连续四年被英国人评为“英国休闲旅游景区”；作为全球最大的温室之一，被纽约时报誉为“世界第八大奇迹”。截止2017年，伊甸园已吸引了1800万来自全世界的游客，为康沃尔郡贡献了近17亿镑的经济收入，有效带动了当地经济的快速复苏<span style="color: rgb(178, 178, 178);font-size: 12px;">[17]</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6714801" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9yeyQPffF44qBCJE3gYzbInRRjFgvBNktQ4PZyMMdKP7xKFZHdtOPabg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图6 伊甸园项目规划鸟瞰图</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：https://www.dronemybusiness.co.uk/new-blog/2016/9/23/professional-uav-drone-hire-southampton-portsmouth-bournemouthbasingstoke）</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3393502" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9yENaVF7Hj2lX6LuemA4mBgoql48cZso6ibaToPuFpFIJaYhNgLKU5ibJA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图7 伊甸园项目兴建前后对比</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：http://chuansong.me/n/1137849949093）</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;padding-bottom: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 15px;padding-right: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">片区服务项目</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -1px -5px 0px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;padding: 0px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 1px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 1px;height: 5px;margin: -3px auto 0px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">片区服务类项目，通常建筑尺度、辐射区域较小，项目综合性较弱，主要通过使用功能进行划分，如文化类建筑、教育类建筑、体育类建筑、宗教类建筑等。相较于旗舰项目的选择标准，此类项目同样注重公益性，但更注重项目自身的公众服务功能，如伦敦泰特现代艺术馆, 诺维奇千年图书馆等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">城市公共文化建筑——伦敦泰特现代艺术馆</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6588448" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9yeayYbkYaLoPhlRLACNmF6BPUyTrV2iaJE4sNlOEpPiaEAJk9FUYccpLg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图8 泰特现代艺术馆</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：http://www.all-free-photos.com/show/showphoto.php?idph=PI67332&lang=en）</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">伦敦作为工业城市的发源地，城市中心区存在着大量工业遗存。泰特现代艺术馆位于泰晤士河南岸，与圣保罗大教堂隔岸相望，其前身是泰晤士河南岸的一座火电站（Bankside Power Station），在1891到1981年间持续为伦敦提供电力供应（图9）。自1973年起，石油价格的提升导致燃油发电站效益下滑，后随着燃煤发电使用的普及，该电站逐渐被废弃。由于其本身的庞大体量和优越的河滨地理位置，废弃火电站一度被政府和当地民众当作一个城市发展难题。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8" data-w="265" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9ypdQZLGtcNCuiaaImXdw0tBicSVyIaEo2vFk3hJeVmlfPdkgHsNyO3n3g/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8091603" data-w="262" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9ygkosZltny6ZvNnrWcdWCkEkDj6DeicN7CicRAtDQSYCb5c2POMlUKhSg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图9 1950年，南岸火力发电站，泰特现代艺术馆原址</span></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：https://alchetron.com/Bankside-Power-Station）</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1994年，泰特美术馆宣布计划将南岸发电站改建为新的泰特现代艺术馆，并举办了针对原工业遗存的改造方案竞赛。瑞士建筑师赫尔佐格和德梅隆运用原有的建筑的基础框架，凭借最大程度挖掘建筑本身的潜力的新型建设理念在竞赛中脱颖而出。最终项目改造耗资约1.34亿镑，其中千禧委员会赞助近5000万镑，于2000年5月对外开放，成为世界级的现代文化艺术汇集地，受到了广大游客及市民的喜爱。据艺术馆负责人Nicholas Serota爵士介绍：从开放至今2017年，泰特艺术馆已接待超过1100万游客，每年为伦敦带来5000万到9000万镑的直接经济效益，创造了近2400个新就业岗位<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[18]</span>。新馆的建设同时带动了伦敦南岸的艺术文化复兴，使南岸成为伦敦近年来文创产业发展的亮点与知名的旅游目的地。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">城市综合服务建筑——诺维奇千年图书馆</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4458484" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9yibhNo3w10Smjt9rKPHfBMYEMicDmqDUCAmRYM8RwsBibyJZ5NGLB2QgvA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图10 诺维奇千年图书馆</span></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum,_Norwich）</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">诺维奇是位于英格兰东部的诺福克郡的一个历史名城。千年图书馆的前身诺维奇中心图书馆位于诺维奇老城中心，1994年不幸毁于由煤气爆炸引起的大火<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[19]</span>。新馆是千禧委员会赞助的重点项目之一，总投资6300万镑，其中彩票资金3150万镑<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[20]</span>，并于2001年10月竣工。由于新馆的多元化定位，开放后便成为了最受欢迎的地标性建筑，每年接待近250万人次<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[21]</span>。尽管命名为图书馆，但是其功能涵括新图书馆、游客中心、学习教育中心、餐厅、报告厅、咖啡厅及欧洲最大的永久性电子展馆，成为市民、游客重要的参观休闲娱乐设施。建筑设计中的亮点存在于其中庭空间（图11），其“城市客厅”式的设计使其成为当地重要活动的举办场所，覆盖各年龄段人群的各类经济、文化、艺术交流活动贯穿全年。据数据统计，诺维奇千年图书馆是英国最受欢迎的图书馆之一。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMbRUJpKMeGRQkLM3aIyb9yibkG6UO6MAticVKvGTnzt9qEuibdUItVj8EN4tWFgaKbXs5aWs0fKmdzQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图11 诺维奇千年图书馆中庭空间</span></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">（资料来源：</span></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">http://www.theforumnorwich.co.uk/norfolk-norwich-millennium-library）</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /> </p></section></section></section><section style="height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="min-height: 40px;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;margin: 0px auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" style="border-collapse: collapse;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;background-color: rgb(239, 154, 154);padding: 4px 4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8815789" data-w="380" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/O9OVv1L3gdk5rOWfOYB6gEyOD4c3VzT8Z7oOLCEeib2HkuIT9b4WZQnauvljGbjiaJcFiaHh3Jiabk94vkDF5KKviaw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;background-color: rgb(255, 235, 238);padding: 4px 4px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="90.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(99, 1, 1);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结论与启示</strong></p></section></section></section></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市复兴是英国建筑师罗杰斯从规划设计的角度就如何重新塑造城市形象，提升城市竞争力而提出的一个关于城市发展的综合概念，并由吴晨博士于2002年开始，结合中国的城市建设与城市更新发展，在中国进行推广与实践。中国经济发展到今天，工业化带动的城镇化进程和城市发展已使城镇化率已经达到58.5%，这就更加要求我们一方面在中国的发展中探寻中国模式，另一方面，必须积极汲取西方国家城市建设中的经验和教训，尽可能少走弯路避免失误。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国城市复兴进程的历史经验告诉我们，城市发展决不仅仅是一个建立商业模式、寻求商业投资、依靠贩卖土地完成城市物质环境建设的过程，而是以寻求建立一个遵从其所处的经济和社会环境，确保可持续发展能力，能够沟通融合各阶层具有包容性，努力创造公平、和谐、宜居环境的生活、工作空间为目标的发展过程，城市复兴或者我们所追求的城市发展建设，所面临的是一个经济、社会和各种挑战交织的综合性、系统性课题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">经验告诉我们，除了城市规划发展理念以外，城市复兴的资金性质和来源在很大程度上影响甚至决定了城市复兴发展的成败。城市复兴建设投资的商业目的越强，城市发展的走向就会离我们的发展理念越远。因此，在城市复兴计划中，建设资金的性质和构成比例就显得愈发重要。但在实践中面临如下问题：第一，政府财政性资金投入越多效率越低；第二， 政府财政难以持续负担如此巨大的城市建设支出；第三，社会资本只对有盈利能力的项目感兴趣；第四，资本的逐利性使得由社会资本主导的城市复兴建设走向与政府设定的城市规划发展理念有出现偏差的风险。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国国家彩票计划以慈善基金性质的资金介入城市复兴建设是一个非常有创意的尝试。慈善基金性质的资金既有财政资金不计回报的特点，而且也不像发行国家债券那样增加政府债务压力，又有独立第三方专业管理团队的管理优势，对于解决上述的问题非常有利。这也是英国成功实施城市复兴计划的主要原因和重要创新。我们借鉴英国将国家彩票计划资金引入城市建设的经验，除了吸收其在平衡各方利益、贯彻城市规划发展理念上的诸多长处外，还需要考虑下列问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);color: rgb(245, 245, 245);box-sizing: border-box;">第一，道德价值判断。</span>城市建设的资金需求量巨大，而彩票的发行量也是可以无上限的。但应该认识到，从社会学意义上讲，由于彩票的发行是以“中彩”来刺激发行量的，而全社会追求“中彩”则是对社会主流道德价值的冲击。因此，需要从社会学角度权衡得失，至少将这种价值判断作为彩票发行数量的约束条件。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);color: rgb(245, 245, 245);box-sizing: border-box;">第二，严守公益性。</span>买彩票的人追求的是“中彩”，对于这样的资金来源政府在道义上背负着道德债务，所以在资金使用上要严守公益性。特别是在城市建设中许多项目并不能严格界定其公益性，所以要制定严格的规则甚至是法规来约束这一资金的使用。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);color: rgb(245, 245, 245);box-sizing: border-box;">第三，严守公平性。</span>同样基于资金来源的原因，法律上规定彩票资金必须且只能用于公益慈善性事业，而将慈善事业定义为公益性的范畴后，慈善的“公平”与城市建设公益性项目的公平原则是有差异的。所以严守公平性对于使用彩票形式募集的资金并且定义为慈善资金的资金管理者来说是一个挑战。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: 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border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">注释</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[1] Roberts,P & Sykes, H (1999) Urban Regeneration. London：SAGE，1999。 转引自吴晨。西欧城市复兴理论研究及对中国的借鉴[D] 清华大学，2005，38-39。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[2] 福利国家是国家通过创办并资助社会公共事业，实行和完善一套社会福利政策和制度，对社会经济生活进行干预，保证社会秩序和经济生活正常运行的一种方法。现代福利制度起源于英国，不是社会保险，不是公费医疗，也不是家庭福利或社会救济计划。福利国家甚至不等同于社会保障或社会政策，而是它们的加总。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[3] 安德鲁·塔隆 著，杨帆译，英国城市复兴，第二部分中央政府的城市复兴政策，第二章早期的城市复兴：物质更新（1945-1968年）和社会与社区福利（1968-1979年），pp-44。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[4] Roberts,P & Sykes, H (1999) Urban Regeneration. London：SAGE，1999。转引自吴晨。西欧城市复兴理论研究及对中国的借鉴[D] 清华大学，2005，38-39。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[5] 民营资本是指除国有企业资本、外国企业资本之外的国内中小企业资本及民间闲置资本。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[6] Roberts,P & Sykes, H (1999) Urban Regeneration. London：SAGE，1999。 转引自吴晨. 西欧城市复兴理论研究及对中国的借鉴[D] 清华大学， 2005， 38-39。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[7] 安德鲁.塔隆 著，杨帆 译， 英国城市复兴，第二部分中央政府的城市复兴政策，第三章企业式城市复兴（20世纪80年代），pp-61。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[8] 城市开发专项资金（The Urban Development Grant，UDG）于1982年发行，旨在通过缩小发展成本与项目价值之间的差距，鼓励在贫困地区进行私人投资。”In the wake of the 1981 urban riots, government introduced a series of financial measures aimed at eradicating theproblems they believed had contributed to the civil unrest. Urban Development Grant (UDG) was launched in1982, the first in a series of financial measures designed to enhance property-led regeneration (Hill, 1994). UrbanDevelopment Grant was designed to encourage private investment in deprived areas by bridging the gap between the cost of development and the value on completion.”选自Investment Property Forum, IPF Research Program 2006-2009, Urban Regeneration: Opportunities for Property Investment Research Findings. Pp-20</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[9] Roberts,P & Sykes, H (1999) Urban Regeneration. London：SAGE，1999。 转引自吴晨. 西欧城市复兴理论研究及对中国的借鉴[D] 清华大学， 2005，38-39。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[10] 单一更新预算政策（Single Regeneration Budget， SRB）于1994年出台，成立了SRB公营公司,旨在整合城市复兴所设计的政府和非政府部门,精简项目流程, 辅助推进项目。“The SRB began in 1994 and brought together a number ofprograms from several Government departments withthe aim of simplifying and streamlining the assistanceavailable for regeneration. SRB partnerships wereexpected to involve a diverse range of local organizationsin the management of their scheme, including localbusinesses, the voluntary sector and the local community.”选自CLES Bulletin No. 18 December 2003</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[11] 安德鲁.塔隆 著，杨帆译，英国城市复兴，第二部分中央政府的城市复兴政策，第四章竞争和城市政策（1991-1997年），pp-105。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[12] 具体金额数字http://sports.163.com/06/1213/11/327JH1L90005227R.html</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[13] Nick Cohen, Gambling with our future, New statesman, 13 January 2003</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[14] 千禧年委员会在国家彩票计划的资助下成立，是一间致力于辅助英国城市及社区建设的公共机构，机构的历任主席由女王在首相的建议下直接指派。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[15] 朴茨茅斯港是二战期间举世闻名的敦刻尔克大撤退和诺曼底登陆战的策划和指挥基地，相关遗址保留完好，还是著名小说家狄更斯和“小说中的大侦探”福尔摩斯的故乡，对英国文化亦贡献良多。</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[16] https://www.spinnakertower.co.uk/about/historyandconstruction/</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[17] http://www.edenproject.com/eden-story/about-us/our-funding“Since opening to the public in 2001, the place has attracted more than 18million visitors and inspired an economic renaissance in Cornwall by contributing more than 1.7 billion pound to the local economy.”</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[18] http://www.tate.org.uk/press/press-releases/millennium-commission-award-build-on-success-tate-modern</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[19] http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/1/newsid_2526000/2526839.stm</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[20] http://www.historicalnorwich.co.uk/modern_norwich/libraries.html</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[21] </em></span><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-15595608</em></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 303.3 4.6" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M189.5,1.8c-1.4,0-2.7,0-4.1-0.3c-0.6-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.7-0.5c-0.3-0.1-1.5-1.3-1.3-0.4      c-0.4-0.4-1.2-1.2-1-0.1c0.1,0.4,0.6,1,0.6,1.4c0,0.1,0,0.3,0,0.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,0.4-0.5,1-0.6,1.3      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d="M153.4,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C152.9,1.2,153.4,1.7,153.4,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M149,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S149,1.7,149,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M144.5,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C144.1,1.2,144.5,1.7,144.5,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M140.1,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C139.7,1.2,140.1,1.7,140.1,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">参考文献</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">1 吴晨，城市复兴的理论探索，世界建筑，2002年第12期</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2 安德鲁.塔隆 著，杨帆 译， 英国城市更新</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">3 李建华， 张杏林， 英国城市复兴， 江苏城市规划，2011年第12期 总第205期</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">4 Investment Property Forum, IPF Research Program 2006-2009, Urban Regeneration: Opportunities for Property Investment Research Findings.</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">5 CLES Bulletin No. 18 December 2003</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">6 戴学来，《城市》 , 1998 (2) :18-20， ISSN1005-278X， 英国城市发展基金及其在城市复兴中的作用</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">7 Newing, Rod (18 May 2010). "Funding and social capital are key factors in financing regeneration". FT.com. Retrieved 28 June 2012.</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">8 体育博彩的法律保障比较研究，马宏俊等编著， 2011， ISBN 9787509327883，中国法律出版社</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">9 Nick Cohen, Gambling with our future, New statesman, 13 January 2003</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">10 http://www.euro-millions.com/zh/good-causes</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">11 Martin Moriarty， Anna Brocklehurst. Millennium Now: Celebrating the legacy of the Millennium. May 2011</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">12 Sheffield One City Report, English Partnerships( The National Regeneration Agency),Yorkshire Forward, Sheffield City Council, City Centre Regeneration in Sheffield: The Journey from Vision to Reality.</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">13 Millennium Commission, The Millennium Commission Annual Report and Accounts 2004-05</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">14 Portsmouth city council, Shaping the future of Portsmouth, A strategy for growth and prosperity in Portsmouth. www. Portsmouth.gov.uk</em></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 303.3 4.6" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M189.5,1.8c-1.4,0-2.7,0-4.1-0.3c-0.6-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.7-0.5c-0.3-0.1-1.5-1.3-1.3-0.4      c-0.4-0.4-1.2-1.2-1-0.1c0.1,0.4,0.6,1,0.6,1.4c0,0.1,0,0.3,0,0.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,0.4-0.5,1-0.6,1.3      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d="M153.4,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C152.9,1.2,153.4,1.7,153.4,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M149,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S149,1.7,149,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M144.5,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C144.1,1.2,144.5,1.7,144.5,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M140.1,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C139.7,1.2,140.1,1.7,140.1,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">作者简介：</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">吴晨，北京市城市设计与工程技术研究中心主任，北京市建筑设计研究院有限公司总建筑师；</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">丁霓，北京市建筑设计研究院中汇国际城市规划与建筑设计院建筑师。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">原文发表于《北京规划建设》杂志2018年第6期。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">获授权微信首发，如需转载请联系本号。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section>
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