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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;" data-mpa-powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(24, 54, 118);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -30px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">导读</strong></em></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(95, 156, 239);line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2018年11月25日，2018年会的21场平行会议拉开序幕。学会城市更新学委会副主任委员、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所副主任、研究员张文忠于专题会议五“城市更新、品质生活”中，受邀发表了题为“包容性视角下北京低收入社区居住环境评价与更新方向”的特邀主题报告。报告从城市包容性发展的研究背景和理论基础、北京典型低收入社区的基本特点、低收入社区居住环境的满意度评价以及低收入社区更新改造方向等四个方面展开。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 52%;padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px;border-style: solid dotted solid none;border-left-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);border-right-color: rgb(152, 152, 152);padding: 5px 0px 5px 10px;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文字数：</strong><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;">3392字</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阅读时间：</strong><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;">10分钟</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30%;padding: 0px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 24px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: transparent;border-radius: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3em;height: 3em;border-radius: 100%;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 100%;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCaMaIIPKOMrxqBYWuicEP3tnK6udF13X9HDbaQ02aCOYVpibDQHo739pRKibYOPPkos7VQMN0qhBfjmA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCaMaIIPKOMrxqBYWuicEP3tnK6udF13X9HDbaQ02aCOYVpibDQHo739pRKibYOPPkos7VQMN0qhBfjmA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 58px;text-align: center;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;margin: auto;width: 3em;height: 3em;border-radius: 100%;background-position: 9.3578% 4.30107%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 205.01%;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCb587CrSBib4hIYpYxpu3icpKaa9icUmdd3YgdvOZib0ZTHKNtBGungchxBbgiaic0y1dnGl5Q4ia5O9hjvA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.75" data-w="1080" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCb587CrSBib4hIYpYxpu3icpKaa9icUmdd3YgdvOZib0ZTHKNtBGungchxBbgiaic0y1dnGl5Q4ia5O9hjvA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">张文忠</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">学会城市更新学委会副主任委员，</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所副主任、研究员</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">张文忠的报告题目为包容性视角下北京低收入社区居住环境评价与更新方向，报告包括以下四个方面。一是研究背景和理论依据；二是北京典型低收入地区的基本特点；三是居民对低收入社区居住环境满意度评价；四是低收入社区的形成机制和未来更新方向。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.1);font-size: 82px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -60px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 22px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">包容性城市的研究背景</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中国城市进入了发展的快车道，在这一过程中确实出现了诸多问题。比如商业化和市场化导向下的高档公共服务设施建设，对低收入家庭而言难以承担相应的消费；城市内部贫富差距扩大，城市贫困成为新的社会问题；城市住房成本日渐提高，低收入家庭被积压在城市边缘地带，他们的幸福也关系到整个社会的和谐稳定；另外，在城市转型过程中产生的城市隔离问题、公共空间占用问题、非正规就业等问题也不容忽视。总之，城市发展的目标应是多元化的，只有多样化的城市才是充满活力的城市。正如生物群落一样，不能只存在顶端生物种群，生物种群的多样化才是群落健康发展的基础。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">包容是城市发展的一个重要话题，如何实现整体发展效率最佳与城市社会包容性相互促进是城市发展的方向。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">包容性城市的研究的理论基础值得我们探讨，比如边沁为代表的功利主义对研究城市包容性非常重要，边沁认为社会总体的幸福是由组成社会每个人的幸福的总和构成，社会的幸福是以最大多数的最大幸福来衡量的。换言之，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">我们在追求利益的过程中需要关注城市整体每个人幸福总量的最大化</span></strong>。另外，社群主义也是重要的理论，它强调社会利益和社会和谐优先，关注社会资本的构建。还有马克思主义的劳动再分配、新制度经济学派的理论对包容性研究也具有重要的理论支撑作用。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">包容性的城市更新理念提倡多元主体多方参与的城市更新方式，重视城市不同主体共融、共建、共治、共享发展理念。</span></strong>城市更新也需要关注居民对居住环境需求。发达国家或地区在包容性城市建设的过程中做了很多探索。美国克利夫兰面对城市失业、贫困人口问题，从经济包容性入手，通过联邦政府引导下的城市、社区层面的多方协作实现包容性城市更新的建设。荷兰鹿特丹通过建立公私合作的战略伙伴关系在社区层面推动就业、教育、住房等方面的帮扶与改善措施，实现包容、可持续、安全、健康的城市愿景。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.1);font-size: 82px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -60px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 22px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究区的基本特征分析</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们认为<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">关注居民的居住环境是包容城市建设非常重要的部分</span></strong>。过去的城市规划更多考虑的是大尺度的街区建设、大规模的城市开发，现在城市规划逐渐开始关注人们的居住环境的改善，同时考虑不同阶层、不同收入群体的需求。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们在综合考虑北京市中低收入社区的空间分布、发展特点、建成年代与方式、人口构成等原则基础上，最终在北京市域（六环以内范围）选取了8个典型地区进行研究，分别是大栅栏、团结湖、古城八角、长辛店、北苑中区、西红门、马泉营、北四村。这8个调研地区，涵盖了不同类型的低收入社区，包括计划经济时期建设的老旧单位社区、城市衰退的旧城区和历史街区、保障房社区和成熟的经济适用房社区、城中村社区等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们对这8个典型居住社区进行了实地调研、访谈和调查。通过分析，我们发现<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">这些典型社区呈现出鲜明的低收入及社会弱势群体集聚的特征</span></strong>：首先，家庭年收入在10万元以下的样本比例超过一半；其次，老龄人口、外地及农村户籍人口、低学历人口、非正规就业人口比例较高；再次，社区居民普遍认为自己在收入、就业机会、社会地位方面与全社会相比较低。其中，大栅栏、长辛店是拥有本市城镇户籍、低学历、老年人口集中的社区；朝阳北苑中区是本市城镇户籍、低学历、低收入人口集中的社区；昌平北四村是外来低收入、低学历人口集中的社区；团结湖、马泉营、古城八角3个社区居民的收入以及受教育状况较好，但老龄化现象严重。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.1);font-size: 82px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">03</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -60px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 22px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">低收入社区居住环境评价</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过对8个社区居民的问卷数据的分析，得到以下主要结论：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;line-height: 2;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">居民对服务设施的建设状况比较认可。大型超市、便利店、小超市、银行、街角绿地、公园评价最高；菜市场、医院及老幼活动设施与民众期望尚存在一定的差距。</span></p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">居民对交通出行情况的总体评价一般。受调查者的平均通勤时间为52.57分钟，时间依然较长，公交和地铁是居民出行的主要选择方式。</span></p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">居住条件是影响居民对城市公平与包容性评价的关键因素。被调查者的居住住房多以租房为主，对居住条件的总体评价一般；家庭平均居住面积59平方米；仍有超过四分之一的家庭没有独立卫生间，超过十分之一的人没有独立厨房。</span></p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">居民收入和地位相对较低，但对未来预期相对乐观。受访者对自身收入、就业、社会地位的认同度不高，但五分之三的人对自己的生活感到满意，对未来生活充满希望。</span></p></li></ul></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">综合各典型社区的地理区位、环境状况和社区内部社会环境特征等要素可以将低收入社区分为以下4类：<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">衰退老城社区、本地型社区、成熟经适房社区、城郊混合式社区</span></strong>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">衰退老城社区以大栅栏为代表，人口密度高、缺少公共空间、居住面积狭小、居住环境较差，总体居住环境满意度最低。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本地型社区以朝阳马泉营和团结湖、石景山古城—八角社区为代表，社区中自然环境舒适性较好，本地居民占比较高，居民的社区参与热情较高，但通勤满意度相对较低，存在高峰期间地铁与公交拥堵严重、私家车数量太多、机动车侵占自行车道等出行问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成熟经适房社区以大兴西红门为代表，公共服务设施相对完善，环境舒适度优势明显，但距离主城区较远，出行不便，出行便捷度较差，居民社区参与较弱。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城郊混合社区包括昌平北四村、丰台长辛店和朝阳北苑中区，其中前两个是典型的城中村社区，私搭乱建普遍，空间结构混杂无序，建筑密度高，缺少基本的公共空间和设施。朝阳北苑中区是典型的保障房小区（公租房），自然环境差、社区管理混乱、居住隔离问题突出。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们进一步考察了不同人群对居住环境的评价，研究发现：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">一是</span></strong>老年人群对居住环境的总体评价较低，对服务设施，尤其是养老设施的评价很不满意。但老年人的邻里联系和社区参与度较高。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">二是</span></strong>外来人口对服务设施评价高于本地人口，但教育门槛是影响评价结果的重要限制因素；同时，也发现外来低收入人口生活压力高于本地低收入人群，外来人群以租房为主，且居住条件相对较差，收入水平较低，从事非正规就业比例较大。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">三是</span></strong>发现“有居住证无户口”人群多在石景山、团结湖和长辛店街道聚集，他们普遍感到生活压力较大，居住条件一般，对社会公平与包容的评价较低。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.1);font-size: 82px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">04</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -60px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 22px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">低收入社区城市更新方向</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据对北京典型社区的调查，低收入群体总体对居住环境认可度一般，居住环境问题主要集中在住房、医疗及收入分配等方面。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">因此，需要切实改善居民的居住状况、加强社区建设、完善生活服务设施、改善交通出行状况。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">针对不同类型的社区需要从不同的角度推进包容性社区建设。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">对于衰退的老城区，主要应疏解人口压力，提高绿化率，开辟公共活动场所；老旧社区需要完善服务设施建设，加强社区内部的规划建设与管理；城中村可合理疏散外来人口，完善便民服务设施，综合治理环境；政策保障房社区应缓解居住隔离，改善小区居住环境，合理规划路网，减少交通拥堵。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">针对弱势群体的居住环境建设，我们认为未来需要提供<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">规划、建设和管理的精细化水平</span></strong>。公共设施规划需要强化公共资源属性，在设施布局中坚持人文关怀和社会公正的原则，切实保障公益性公共设施的建设用地和服务供给。重点关注特殊人群的需求，包括老年人群、低收入人群、外来人群等。要关注老龄化社区的老年人服务设施供给，逐步完善社区养老服务体系。对于低收入人群要完善社区就业引导，缓解低收入家庭生活压力，逐步消除歧视性政策，帮助非正规就业的低收入群体合理维权。对于外来人群也要制定相应的政策，重点关注“有证无户口”外来人群的生活状态，继续提高对外来高学历人才的优待，提高其对社会包容性的满意度。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">总之，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">在城市更新过程中，需要把目标具化到不同人群和不同城市空间，要让我们的工作更加精细、更加精准</span></strong>，这也是值得我们未来在研究者需要进一步完善的方向。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">供稿单位：学会城市更新学术委员会</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;padding-bottom: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">相关阅读</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 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