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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 303.3 4.6" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: 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fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(107, 107, 107);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">【北京规划建设】是由与《北京规划建设》杂志联合推出的栏目，这里有新认知与旧经验的碰撞，新媒体与传统媒体的聚合。《北京规划建设》创刊于1987年，迄今已有31年的办刊历史。期刊强调深邃的思想性、厚重的理论性、丰富的实践性及敏锐的新闻性。【北京规划建设】系列既有严谨洗练的学术论文，也有轻松活泼的随笔。你走，我不送你；你来，无论多大风雨，我都等你。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 303.3 4.6" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M189.5,1.8c-1.4,0-2.7,0-4.1-0.3c-0.6-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.7-0.5c-0.3-0.1-1.5-1.3-1.3-0.4      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fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 100.148%;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 26) 0px 0px 0px inset;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l17XNgptzCK4IMOXxYtRMEIA4lZZRdkutqSUiaSVMvQpOTpjrbYsWSolg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(171, 171, 171) 0px 0px 3px;padding: 15px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);border-color: rgb(255, 28, 69);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 10px;border-style: none;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">摘 要：</strong>具有活力的社区公共生活是形成弹性社区文化和市民社会的基础，而老旧社区却普遍存在公共空间失活的问题。本文通过“厚数据+大数据”方法，对典型老旧社区——鸭子桥社区的公共空间进行诊断分析，探索了精细尺度公共空间-公共生活评估方法，验证了“厚数据+大数据”介入社区公共生活评估与策划的必要性和有效性，并基于鸭子桥社区提出了老旧社区参数化公共空间管理和公共生活运营的建议。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关键词：</strong>厚数据 社区治理 公共空间</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6em;margin: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 5em solid rgb(237, 204, 76);border-left: 3em solid transparent !important;border-right: 3em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: -5em 1em;border-top: 3em solid rgb(158, 219, 237);border-left: 2em solid transparent !important;border-right: 2em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: 2em;border-top: 1.5em solid rgb(141, 253, 164);border-left: 1em solid transparent !important;border-right: 1em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin-top: -1.6em;margin-bottom: 1.6em;font-size: 21px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">背 景</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">社区公共生活显著影响社区宜居性</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">社区公共空间是指居民进行活动所使用的公共户外空间，包括社区步行道、广场、停车空间、绿地等<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>，而社区公共生活主要是居民在公共空间中进行的休闲、交往等社会生活<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">社区公共生活是构建社区社交网络关系<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>，形成社区行为秩序的基础<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>，也是提升社区弹性（应激反应、恢复力和自组织效率等）<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>，形成市民社会的基础<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，公共空间和公共生活品质近年来越发受到规划、建筑行业的重视，客观的公共空间质量评价和不同群体活动需求都是研究的焦点，而这其中中国人在社区公共空间的活动特征，包括活动内容、选取位置、社区交往情况等还有待进一步挖掘<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">7</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">公共空间失活是老旧社区普遍问题</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">老旧社区往往建成空间设施品质较差，居民老龄化特点明显，低收入居民群体占比较高。老旧的社区空间往往被侵占和消极使用所蚕食、割裂，难以形成良好的公共空间网络系统。而且老旧社区因居民特点，往往导致社区难以吸引市场化文化休闲设施，缺少可以形成活跃<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公共生活的空间场地。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">另一方面，老年人与低收入居民群体，受制于行动能力和交通选择，日常生活活动半径相对较小<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>，公共活动主要在社区内部进行，其生活体验、获得感等主观感受明显受到社区内公共生活氛围的影响<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>。这就形成了老旧社区中空间制约活动，活动缺乏消解社区意识，消极社区意识继而促使消极空间使用的恶性循环。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">所以要激活老旧社区的公共生活，还是要结合居民行为特点，精细策划社区空间，实现对居民活动和社区意识的引导。为此，本文选取北京市广安门外鸭子桥社区进行了试点研究。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“厚数据+大数据”进行社区诊断和设计</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">随着大数据对城市规划的影响不断深入，量化城市研究、城市传感、参数化空间设计等实践也越来越多地在社区治理层面发挥作用：基于时空行为的社区生活圈分析<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">9、10</span>等研究范式正在不断更新着社区治理理念。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">尽管大数据提供了前所未有的基于动态数据的广泛社区量化研究，但仍难以在精细尺度、人本取向的深度研究中完全取代传统的田野调查方法，因此人类学家和市场研究者提出了“厚数据”<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">11</span>——追求样本挖掘深度而非样本量的人本数据。杨盖尔结合建筑学和社会学研究范式提出Public Space Public Life研究方法<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">12</span>奠定了社区规划厚数据的基本数据获取方法，而近年来兴起的社区影像<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">13</span>、街道色彩分析<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">14</span>、社区口述史<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">15</span>等研究范式也在不断丰富社区厚数据的内容和维度。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">表1 获取社区厚数据的研究方法一览</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4640625" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1Q1elunGxZK2vz8rfjhqibjK558DocrFedQgG8Uic8QW9IfGaQhiaHeAZA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6em;margin: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 5em solid rgb(237, 204, 76);border-left: 3em solid transparent !important;border-right: 3em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: -5em 1em;border-top: 3em solid rgb(158, 219, 237);border-left: 2em solid transparent !important;border-right: 2em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: 2em;border-top: 1.5em solid rgb(141, 253, 164);border-left: 1em solid transparent !important;border-right: 1em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin-top: -1.6em;margin-bottom: 1.6em;font-size: 21px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据和方法</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">厚数据</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;color: rgb(201, 110, 44);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地图标记及现场计数</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 5px solid transparent;border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;margin-right: 3px;margin-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top: 4px solid transparent;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: -9px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在采集社区街道家具，居民空间活动分布及人数，道路机动车、非机动车和行人流量数据</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">时，采用了杨盖尔PSPL调研方法的地图标记及现场计数的方法。为了提高调研效率，在研究中使用了城市象限开发的猫眼象限调研小程序，数据采集及导出流程如图1、图2所示。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.29375" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1BjUTPg3cukmImSuaLCFUCPucqXm8gKZicnlWicC9ksGZWU1QXAspg9iaQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图1 地图标记及现场计数流程图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.859375" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l132Y7c8Uiaiafm2VticI6BcibT92FiaHIjrEiaaialrmd2CLA2FseanzwCrnCw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图2 猫眼象限工具</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;color: rgb(201, 110, 44);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">跟踪记录</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 5px solid transparent;border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;margin-right: 3px;margin-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top: 4px solid transparent;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: -9px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在采集社区居民行动轨迹数据时，采用了杨盖尔PSPL调研方法的地图标记及现场计数的方法，数据采集及导出流程如图3所示。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.1671875" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1lWKGOCf5NAcG0t9iasck7AuVZ5yibWKKEgLFUOXRyvQtIMorutKn2SWw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图3 跟踪记录流程图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;color: rgb(201, 110, 44);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">居民访谈</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 5px solid transparent;border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;margin-right: 3px;margin-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top: 4px solid transparent;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: -9px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在调研过程中，还采用街头拦截访问的形式，针对社区空间体验和生活活动规律进行提问。提问问题主要是：何时迁入社区，进行社区内户外活动的频率及活动内容，对社区公共空间是否感到满意。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">大数据</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;color: rgb(201, 110, 44);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">建成环境数据</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 5px solid transparent;border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;margin-right: 3px;margin-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top: 4px solid transparent;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: -9px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">通过爬取网络开放数据（百度地图、高德地图及搜房网站信息等）获取鸭子桥及对标社区建成环境数据，包括建筑占地面积、建筑层高等数据，并结合城市象限社区人口大数据计算社区容积率。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;color: rgb(201, 110, 44);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">居民活动LBS数据</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 5px solid transparent;border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;margin-right: 3px;margin-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top: 4px solid transparent;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: -9px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">通过建立地理围栏，提取运营商LBS数据，获取常住鸭子桥的社区居民在2018年3月之中四个工作日和两个休息日的空间活动分布信息，形成鸭子桥社区居民活动地图。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6em;margin: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 5em solid rgb(237, 204, 76);border-left: 3em solid transparent !important;border-right: 3em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: -5em 1em;border-top: 3em solid rgb(158, 219, 237);border-left: 2em solid transparent !important;border-right: 2em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: 2em;border-top: 1.5em solid rgb(141, 253, 164);border-left: 1em solid transparent !important;border-right: 1em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin-top: -1.6em;margin-bottom: 1.6em;font-size: 21px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">分析结果</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间使用率低下造成社区“假性拥挤”</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">鸭子桥社区户外空间分散、废弃物品侵占随处可见、临街停车塞满、街道步行道路被侵占比例高。在调研过程中，超过40%的居民反映 “社区里没有什么活动的地方”“社区所有空间都被塞满了”。然而这种逼仄的空间感，并不是因为社区内真的缺少公共空间，通过建成环境大数据我们发现，对比西城区其他几个社区，鸭子桥社区建筑密度和容积率相对较低（图4），实际上是一个“假性拥挤”的社区。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.084375" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1ObWuukCGl2OsSE6vczPZZWTyj6ovvviaTzB1yAXKbOK6iau0Ca3xjrIA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图4 鸭子桥与对标社区建成环境数据对比</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">真正造成社区“拥挤感”的，其实是各种消极空间的广泛存在（图5）：违章停车占道侵占临街步行活动空间，杂物堆置，设施失效……鸭子桥社区公共空间失活的症结并不在于缺乏公共空间，而是在于空间使用低效无序。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2453704" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1bk74AJ6Yl0EIPMhShfNiaIfYDwDMYGFzxRJfdEys5MgW1mFSwia68t9A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图5 鸭子桥社区违章停车占道</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2685185" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l10IhTOVREFExkHXWps04MK7hUVs82hsJlDtnRdoM0Gj1Zia20qDMRh4Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图6 鸭子桥社区公共空间杂物堆置</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2703125" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1uMTm3tFDN6JJhc3rg4smFvIvGXzibFLbFSQakeksUAZNGPiaJZD3LNibg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图7 鸭子桥社区荒废的设施</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">设计公共空间与真实公共生活错配</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">街道家具（路灯、座椅等分布在户外公共空间的功能性设施）<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">19</span>的分布和空间密度，反映出社区规划设计时对公共空间的布局——分布街道家具越多越是规划者心目中的有效公共空间。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">本文使用猫眼象限在社区内对所有街道家具拍照，结合照片中街道家具类型和拍照定位点对社区内设计公共空间分布地点进行地图标记，来空间化社区设计的公共空间分布情况（图8）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4234375" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1m3WDvch3GWHFZR2s2Mul9UMYGU96gkM2dB28eLW3tmLYpxW4iabNnaQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图8 进行社区街道家具地图标记过程</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">而实际生活中，居民进行停留、休憩、社交等活动的数量则能够反映出社区内真实公共生活场景。因此，本文使用猫眼象限对早晨9∶00、上午10∶30、下午16∶00和晚间19∶30四个时间截面上，鸭子桥社区不同公共空间中居民在场情况进行拍照和图像识别统计，形成居民公共生活分布地图标注（图9）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4265625" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1riajTZA8hk047xPXVjrkLdKTyMK26Eibn8HWTkPNYFxdqibkf6NWUDT6w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图9 进行公共空间活动地图标注过程</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">对比设计公共空间分布和真实公共生活分布可见，虽然鸭子桥社区街道座椅在社区中分布覆盖较为全面，体现出规划设计时对设施覆盖度的重视；但是结合居民活动空间热度来看，在居民最爱停留休憩和进行户外社交活动的区域（如地图中华润万家超市附近区域等），街道家具密度并不高。而街道家具密度最高的区域（45号院东门及社区菜市场门前等），居民活动热度并不高（图10-图13）。这反映出设计公共空间与居民真实公共生活之间存在错配关系，造成了设施设备资源浪费。未来鸭子桥社区应该根据居民活动选择进行适应性设施配置。基于本文中的“设施-活动”分析，可以为社区公共空间提供更有性价比的建设布局建议。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.102649" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1WhAtEqJCicFvkhZlNiafuMQh4BtXmXyicOklG2STNTtUAhQ8MkD65q0mg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="604" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图10 街道家具分布热力图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9827044" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1qVQicqMic8M45vGQN8Jyxmq01EamJicibrPR2oT7mQ9TARPebsUV8lhGrg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="636" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图11 街道家具分布聚类图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9950331" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1qHJHBhbP9cd2cRcj6zHXsdMkKQzzr7Was4qHlribiaHiaENQjiceUECnicQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="604" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图12 居民公共活动热力图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9709677" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l117tBhDNLsiaQxicjRx7cKiabJ9s41T0oPcut7ub8icb4jRibm9K4QSqCrCA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="620" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图13 公共活动空间聚类分级图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">公共生活需要人本街道环境</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">生活性街道是主要的社区公共空间廊道，机动车违章停车严重侵占慢行道路和老年人、儿童的 “家门口活动空间”<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">14</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">本文采用现场计数方法统计了鸭子桥社区内主要道路不同时段机动车、非机动车和行人流量（图14）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.725" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1zy49cTqAHYCqFYA7ticwgiczHI8xlrtjnPpjf5w3ZRwj85Izbws5kxtg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图14 鸭子桥社区不同时段主要道路流量</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">基于道路流量分析我们发现，鸭子桥社区机动车流量与非机动车和行人流量不同时间段变化区域趋势基本一致，在社区中存在一定程度上的路权争夺。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">而针对社区沿街停车数量和社区停车场车位，在进行现场计数后发现，大部分临街停车需求可以被社区内部的正规停车场所满足。这意味着通过灵活有效的空间调度，可以在很大程度上实现“还路于人”（图15）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6046875" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1xib4yTLaPy2Al22of6S9u9ztUr4gn82ftntYK6HwfA0nfKZ5YYm2Rwg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图15 鸭子桥临街停车数量与停车场承载能力对比</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">鸭子桥社区的“小世界中心”</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">社区公共生活经常是一串关联活动组成的活动动线：居民往往会基于自己的需求在几个社区公共活动空间活动，形成自己的公共活动空间路径。这些公共空间实际上通过居民的选择形成了一定关联关系（同一个居民经常活动的多个空间具有联动性）。不同公共空间之间的关联关系有助于我们理解社区公共空间网络关系<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，本文借鉴了在城市群空间结构分析中普遍使用的社交网络分析方法（SNA），对鸭子桥社区内部及周边公共活动空间进行了中心性分析。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">首先我们借助于运营商LBS时空行为大数据，对鸭子桥居民经常去的空间进行提取（图16），提取出共计23个公共空间节点。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.68125" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1aGN0pnSQDeUickY8BuicYQ5p2FNNkJc1BlO6XCjF2mGNlwGVF93GmCGQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图16 鸭子桥居民就近活动分布热力图</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">此后，我们进行居民日常活动跟踪记录，记录了老年人、中年人及儿童三类居民工作日及休息日不同时段的行动轨迹及经过的公共空间节点，共计46条记录。通过对这些记录进行SNA中心性统计得到图17所显示的结果。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.540625" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1WHg5A9LFQMk4tYrNTArlOwJKncYCpN5vAXmIY0kJdLjDuhB1QydRQw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图17 鸭子桥社区公共空间中心性网络节点图示</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">空间节点的中心度反映出其处于空间网络中心的程度<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>。基于中心性统计结果可知，西二环辅路附近，杰**幼儿园门口（即图18和图19中社区居民活动最集中的区域）是鸭子桥内部及周边公共空间节点的中心。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.75" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1hrRONZklLYty4PrpPZ4z11x0SDAEUsqibacMzgNicTwHO4SZnpM09DAw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图18 鸭子桥杰**幼儿园门口的公共空间</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5625" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eMu2u4fFplQa2jETuNlw3l1iahYC7M9tBeOqgMXlMvuiaH9B8LibfTsbSAJZG6f2yO7Z5xwAUXMzSuSw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图19 鸭子桥社区全数据研究平台样例</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在一定程度上，这两个节点相对于其他节点起到更明显的串联作用。也就是说，这两个节点可以称得上是居民进行公共空间活动的 “必经之地”。这也就意味着这两个节点，更容易影响到整个社区居民对公共空间的感知，也能够以最高效率触达社区居民。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">这两个节点主要具有以下共同特点：都处于靠近出入社区的主要道路交叉口，附近都有多个多业态商业网点，道路与临街店面之间都具有较大的开放步行空间。这反映出良好的道路连通性、商业业态多样性和步行空间开敞性有助于形成社区的“小世界中心”。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6em;margin: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 5em solid rgb(237, 204, 76);border-left: 3em solid transparent !important;border-right: 3em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: -5em 1em;border-top: 3em solid rgb(158, 219, 237);border-left: 2em solid transparent !important;border-right: 2em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: 2em;border-top: 1.5em solid rgb(141, 253, 164);border-left: 1em solid transparent !important;border-right: 1em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin-top: -1.6em;margin-bottom: 1.6em;font-size: 21px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结论</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">鸭子桥社区“触发点”式公共生活营造方案</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">基于对鸭子桥社区的公共生活分析，我们提出，应该在社区选择杰**幼儿园门口的公共区域，作为重要的公共生活提质“触发点”，优先进行小成本投入的试点微更新，形成社区内具有足够识别度和吸引力的公共生活驱动中心，带动居民参与公共生活（图18）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">进行“触点式”微更新的意义在于：其一，合理控制物料人力成本；其二，更新过程不对居民生活造成过大影响，降低试错成本；其三，为未来的适应性改造留出资源和空间余地。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">选取杰**幼儿园门口的公共空间作为更新试点的原因如下。其一，这一区域是社区的“小世界中心”，对其他区域联动作用明显，全面覆盖社区居民。其二，这一区域经常有幼儿活动，本就具有空间提质的内在需求。其三，根据公共空间社会交往理论，儿童活动能够有效触发积极社区社会交往（居民更容易被儿童活动吸引，并且容易产生共同话题），增设儿童活动设施可以明显促进居民参与公共生活，形成活力中心<span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">7</span>。其四，这一区域绿化程度、阳光遮挡程度、道路开敞程度较高，环境适宜，且已有台阶式“停驻-过路”分流屏障，在空间条件上适合进行公共空间微更新。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">针对这一区域的微更新设计建议如下。其一，在小区域地面涂刷颜色、标示，提升可识别<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">度，引导居民参与活动，通过环境线索规范空间使用。其二，布设积木式的可组装街道家具，便于灵活组装使用，既满足儿童游戏需求，又满足居民休憩需求。其三，在这一区域布置小型的说服式告示，促使居民不在这一区域临街停车，拓展空间。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">老旧社区公共生活营造建议</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">通过“厚数据+大数据”社区空间研究发现，以鸭子桥社区为代表的老旧社区，缺乏公共生活活力并不仅仅是受制于零散支离的公共空间所致，而更多是由于空间利用低效、公共设施布点存在错配、行人在街道空间缺乏路权所导致。综合而言是一种资源配置的失效。提升资源使用效率是进行存量规划的根本，而提升资源使用的“性价比”和“精准性”的根本，在于进行精细尺度的量化评估，形成数据驱动社区运营方法论。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">激活社区活力不能始终依赖于外部扶持（资金和运营人力），要形成社区内部自发的公共生活系统，需要针对社区的空间、居民生活方式、社会交往特点，因地制宜对症下药，而这也需要有力的社区研究工具，为规划师提供深入的社区洞察。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">基于鸭子桥案例，本文提出针对老旧社区营造公共生活的几点建议。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其一，严格空间管理，增加巡检，对有效公共空间流失情况进行量化登记，进行空间品质“有谱”、空间规模“有数”的社区管理。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其二，鼓励社区内部设施承担居民必要的空间使用需求，比如鼓励停车场进行潮汐停车收费管理，尽可能多地进行社区空间“收纳”，引导街道“还路于人”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其三，充分利用社区调研和智能传感器等，探索居民真实的空间使用需求，根据居民活动规律进行公共空间分级管理，对居民活动活跃的空间优先布置设施和进行改造，关注设施和空间改造的效价。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其四，关注社区公共空间网络关系，进行节点化、网络化的社区空间关系，明确社区内的关键空间节点，在进行改造和活动选址时，优先考虑从关键节点切入。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其五，社区公共生活研究还应该拓宽思路，向商业选址和消费者研究借鉴如何提升空间吸引力和居民黏性，向城市量化指征借鉴进行社区精细尺度空间的运营监测，向传媒学、广告学研究借鉴如何进行居民组织等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(245, 213, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 0.8px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“厚数据+大数据”应用于精细化社区治理</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">“厚数据+大数据”技术还适应于精细化社区治理的其他方面。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;color: rgb(201, 110, 44);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">街区活动策划</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 5px solid transparent;border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;margin-right: 3px;margin-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top: 4px solid transparent;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: -9px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">对于历史文化街区，可以基于这一方法，结合街区到访者画像标签、网络传播分析等大数据研究方法和影像志、街道色彩等厚数据研究方法，进行街区设计、活动策划、传播效果评估。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;color: rgb(201, 110, 44);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">社区商业策划</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 5px solid transparent;border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;margin-right: 3px;margin-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top: 4px solid transparent;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: -9px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在社区商业服务受到广泛关注，商业资源配置在市场和政策引导双重推力下强势进入社区服务体系的背景下，结合商业POI、传感器动线分析等大数据研究方法和问卷调查等厚数据研究方法，可以对商业网点服务能力和覆盖、业态配置、居民认可度等进行量化分析，并实现社区商业数据化运营。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;color: rgb(201, 110, 44);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">社区空间及设施参数化设计</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 5px solid transparent;border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;margin-right: 3px;margin-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top: 4px solid transparent;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: -9px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">结合交通、建筑等大数据研究方法和居民座谈、参与式观察等厚数据研究方法，可以对社区空间改造建设、设施设计和布点等进行有效性检验和预测，通过居民行为指导设计标准，评估设计方案等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;color: rgb(201, 110, 44);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">社区舆情管理</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 5px solid transparent;border-bottom: 5px solid transparent;margin-right: 3px;margin-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-top: 4px solid transparent;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;margin-right: -9px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(201, 110, 44);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">进行提升居民获得感导向的社区服务工作，避免不了要进行社区心理建设、营造社区文化氛围，结合网络文本舆情、社交网络传播等大数据研究方法和访问、口述史等厚数据研究方法，可以辅助进行社区品牌和舆情管理。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">综上所述，“厚数据+大数据”为社区运营提供了立体的数据智能方法论。但现阶段，仍需要较大的执行投入和复杂的数据接入及分析。在未来如果可以协同多源数据和算法开发，建立动态数据集成系统平台，自动化、半自动化采集数据输出分析结果，将能够为社区规划师提供有效的社区洞察工具（图19）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: 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d="M144.5,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C144.1,1.2,144.5,1.7,144.5,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M140.1,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C139.7,1.2,140.1,1.7,140.1,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">参考文献</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">1 李德华. 城市规划原理(第三版)[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社，2006: 491.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">2 巫小科. 中国城市社区公共生活质量评价研究[D]. 南京大学, 2008.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">3 董慧. 公共空间:基于空间正义的一种尝试性思考[J]. 华中科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2017, 31(4):12-14.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: 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Chicago University P, 1971.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">5 王冰, 张惠, 张韦. 社区弹性概念的界定、内涵及测度[J]. 城市问题, 2016(6):75-81.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">6 刘佳燕. 公共空间的未来:社会演进视角下的公共性[J]. 北京规划建设, 2010(3):47-51.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">7 张玲玲，杨绍亮. 社区公共空间居民活动行为特征及空间布局关联性初探——以苏州园区邻里中心为例[J]. 华中建筑，2018（8）.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">8 李昕阳, 洪再生, 袁逸倩,等. 城市老人、儿童适宜性社区公共空间研究[J]. 城市发展研究, 2015, 22(5):104-111.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  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style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">14 熊文, 阎伟标, 刘璇,等. 基于人本观测的北京历史街道空间品质提升研究[J].城市建筑, 2018(6).</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">15 吴雪梅. 乡村记忆与清初土民社会转型——对鄂西南景阳河社区口述史的解读[J].江汉论坛, 2005(9):102-104.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">16 张妍, 李宇宏. 皇城根遗址公园空间环境行为组织探析[J]. 南方建筑, 2017(3):51-57.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">17 陈梓烽, 柴彦威, 周素红. 不同模式下城市郊区居民工作日出行行为的比较研究——基于北京与广州的案例分析[J]. 人文地理, 2015(2):23-30.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">18 徐磊青. 城市开敞空间中使用者活动与期望研究——以上海城市中心区的广场与步行街为例[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2004(4):78-83.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">19 张秋梅. 城市街道家具的生态设计[J].城市问题, 2010(4):38-41.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">20 邹晴晴, 王勇, 李广斌. 基于SNA的新型集中社区公共空间网络结构优化[J].地理科学进展, 2016, 35(7):829-838.</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" 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border-box;" d="M140.1,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C139.7,1.2,140.1,1.7,140.1,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">作者单位：北京城市象限科技有限公司</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;">原文发表于《北京规划建设》杂志2018年第5期。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">获授权微信首发，如需转载请联系本号。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p>
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