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<section class="xmteditor" style="display:none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"></section><section style="white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 80px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px;display: inline-block;width: 558px;vertical-align: top;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 226, 224);background-position: 233.929% 1.8202%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 107.589%;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlce4OMd6EMicYj2PHJbI7Vneru6PDrXDalPpPchkib5pfhHBQo9QVVNc9Mg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: -80px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 213.594px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(95, 71, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">欢迎关注</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 106.797px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceurw7hiaKQdtOlKSKjdKiawOxVtOicgXgauqmHib9CDrtWytc8vympUP3Mw/640.gif?" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 213.594px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(95, 71, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“”</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 139.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 106.5 32.4" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="106.5"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M68.2,12.2L68.2,12.2c0-2.2,1.8-4.1,4.1-4.1h14.3c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0     c0-2.2-1.8-4.1-4.1-4.1H35.4c-2.2,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2-1.8,4.1-4.1,4.1H13.1C10.8,8.1,9,9.9,9,12.2l0,0     c0,2.2,1.8,4.1,4.1,4.1h30.2c2.2,0,4.1,1.8,4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2-1.8,4.1-4.1,4.1H4.1c-2.2,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1l0,0     c0,2.2,1.8,4.1,4.1,4.1h51.1c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0c0-2.2,1.8-4.1,4.1-4.1h39.2c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0     c0-2.2-1.8-4.1-4.1-4.1H72.2C70,16.2,68.2,14.4,68.2,12.2z" fill="rgb(183,225,229)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><defs style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M68.2,12.2L68.2,12.2c0-2.2,1.8-4.1,4.1-4.1h14.3c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0c0-2.2-1.8-4.1-4.1-4.1H35.4      c-2.2,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2-1.8,4.1-4.1,4.1H13.1C10.8,8.1,9,9.9,9,12.2l0,0c0,2.2,1.8,4.1,4.1,4.1h30.2      c2.2,0,4.1,1.8,4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2-1.8,4.1-4.1,4.1H4.1c-2.2,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2,1.8,4.1,4.1,4.1h51.1      c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0c0-2.2,1.8-4.1,4.1-4.1h39.2c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0c0-2.2-1.8-4.1-4.1-4.1H72.2      C70,16.2,68.2,14.4,68.2,12.2z" fill="rgb(183,225,229)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></defs></g></g></g></svg></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 279px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);line-height: 1.3;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">谈谈小城镇的人</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 139.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 106.5 32.4" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="106.5"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M68.2,12.2L68.2,12.2c0-2.2,1.8-4.1,4.1-4.1h14.3c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0     c0-2.2-1.8-4.1-4.1-4.1H35.4c-2.2,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2-1.8,4.1-4.1,4.1H13.1C10.8,8.1,9,9.9,9,12.2l0,0     c0,2.2,1.8,4.1,4.1,4.1h30.2c2.2,0,4.1,1.8,4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2-1.8,4.1-4.1,4.1H4.1c-2.2,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1l0,0     c0,2.2,1.8,4.1,4.1,4.1h51.1c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0c0-2.2,1.8-4.1,4.1-4.1h39.2c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0     c0-2.2-1.8-4.1-4.1-4.1H72.2C70,16.2,68.2,14.4,68.2,12.2z" fill="rgb(183,225,229)"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><defs style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M68.2,12.2L68.2,12.2c0-2.2,1.8-4.1,4.1-4.1h14.3c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0c0-2.2-1.8-4.1-4.1-4.1H35.4      c-2.2,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2-1.8,4.1-4.1,4.1H13.1C10.8,8.1,9,9.9,9,12.2l0,0c0,2.2,1.8,4.1,4.1,4.1h30.2      c2.2,0,4.1,1.8,4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2-1.8,4.1-4.1,4.1H4.1c-2.2,0-4.1,1.8-4.1,4.1l0,0c0,2.2,1.8,4.1,4.1,4.1h51.1      c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0c0-2.2,1.8-4.1,4.1-4.1h39.2c2.2,0,4.1-1.8,4.1-4.1l0,0c0-2.2-1.8-4.1-4.1-4.1H72.2      C70,16.2,68.2,14.4,68.2,12.2z" fill="rgb(183,225,229)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></defs></g></g></g></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">杨超</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">中国建筑设计院城镇规划院规划师</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -6px;margin-left: auto;transform: rotate(0deg);width: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(192, 122, 185);border-left: 3px solid rgb(192, 122, 185);box-sizing: border-box;border-top: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important;border-right: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important;"></section><section class="" style="border-left: 6px solid rgb(178, 219, 191);border-top: 6px solid rgb(178, 219, 191);border-right-color: rgb(178, 219, 191);border-bottom-color: rgb(178, 219, 191);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      本文内容源于住建部2016-2017年的一项研究课题，可以说是自建国以来住建部门组织开展的最大一次镇级调研，全国50多所高校和科研机构参与，一共调查了全国各省121个非县城的建制镇，目的是将普普通通的小城镇情况摸透。文中未特别说明的小城镇，指调查的建制镇的镇区；小城镇居民指常住于镇区的居民。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -6px;transform: rotate(0deg);width: 0px;border-top: 3px solid rgb(192, 122, 185);border-right: 3px solid rgb(192, 122, 185);box-sizing: border-box;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important;border-left: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px;display: inline-block;width: 558px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(226, 226, 226);box-shadow: rgb(226, 226, 226) 0px 16px 1px -13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      小城镇是城镇体系中不可或缺的组成部分，也是我们国家乡村的直接管理中心与服务中心，像城乡之间的“关节”一样。也正因为“半城半乡”的边缘化属性，小镇居民的画像在大众心中可以说是相对模糊的、有争议的。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      对小城镇的人的问题，最基本的有两个。第一，小城镇的人口是像大量农村一样在减少，还是像大多数城市一样在增多？第二，小城镇住的都是什么样的人？了解了这两个问题，我们就能更好了解小城镇人的需求，对我们的规划设计和政策制定都是很好的借鉴。这里，我们通过一些数据和现场见闻，从“人”的角度，来尝试回答这两个问题。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 256.672px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 44.625px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 8px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlce7xeDox6O8z0UZ7pCxW9VEmrwKTiaUQiao15LCGWCEc2iaF47kS6mUQgibQ/640.gif?" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 256.672px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: 7px;width: 12px;height: 5px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;transform: rotate(0deg);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -3px;margin-bottom: -3px;padding: 2px 8px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1    小城镇的人口像农村一样在减少么？</strong></p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 7px;width: 12px;height: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 5px 5px 0px;background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: auto;width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="margin-top: 2px;margin-bottom: 2px;width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section class="" style="padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 小城镇的人口增长</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      如果通过比较常住人口和户籍人口两个指标的差值，来判定一个地区人口的净增长情况，我们发现从2015年数据来看，小城镇镇区建成区58%是人口净流出的，也就是常住人口少于户籍人口；42%是净流入的，也就是常住人口多于户籍人口。这表明在过去几十年，尤其是改革开放以后，许多小城镇像农村一样，人口通过务工、上学等方式流向了不同等级的城市（毕竟极少城镇户口的人会回农村），而且存在不同程度的人户分离现象。但不可否认的是，也有相当比例的小城镇吸引到了“外地人”，典型的就是那些经济发达的专业镇。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlce2Mibs8aMicRkL4GtEy67ibLsuslopvMnIzjeEicJHGM8RDmq5kcmSkNcog/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      但近年小城镇的人口也随着新型城镇化的持续推进有所回升。2010-2015年，小城镇镇区建成区的常住人口大部分是有增长的，65%的镇镇区常住人口在增加，其中46%有年均10%以上的明显增加。只有少数偏远贫困地区的镇人口明显减少，比例为调研镇的6%，主要分布在经济欠发达的吉林、青海民族地区、内蒙牧区、安徽山区等区域。另外，还有29%的小城镇镇区常住人口基本保持不变，年增长率在上下5%区间内，表现得相对稳定。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlce1DTJG7xib5Q4VJicMQX5evc9HtZeHqOSdkFzelaic2xTkhxfJyeRs974Q/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 1  2010-2015年小城镇镇区常住人口变化情况</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="margin-top: 2px;margin-bottom: 2px;width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section class="" style="padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇的人口流动</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">     小城镇人口的流失或增长，是外出人口和外来人口平衡后的结果。由于小城镇镇区内的外出人口和外来人口数据难以获得，我们以全镇域外出务工人口和外来人口情况来进行粗略了解，所以这里的数据统计范围覆盖了这些镇下辖的农村地区。</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">      小城镇镇域人口外出务工的现象是很普遍的，甚至有些镇的经济支柱就是劳务输出。相关调研数据显示，21%的镇全镇域外出务工人员占比达30%以上，有9%甚至高达50%以上。这些外出人口主要流向了城市，其中流向大城市和县城的最多，且数量相当。</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">      总体来看，小城镇对人口的吸引力有限，大部分小城镇外来人口较少，且主要来自周边村镇。数据显示，小城镇镇域外来人口占镇域常住人口比例大部分较低，10%以下的占77%，5%以下的占58%。这些外来人口主要是来自本省内，其中来自县内其他乡镇的最多。</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">      当然，镇域内也是有人口流动的，主要为从农村流向镇区。通过问卷调查，我们了解到大约12%的镇内农村居民会因为改善生活条件、方便子女上学、婚嫁、工作等原因搬迁到镇区居住；9%的农村居民则考虑到进镇便捷，选择在村里居住，到镇区务工经商。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 256.672px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 44.625px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 8px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlce7xeDox6O8z0UZ7pCxW9VEmrwKTiaUQiao15LCGWCEc2iaF47kS6mUQgibQ/640.gif?" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 256.672px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: 7px;width: 12px;height: 5px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;transform: rotate(0deg);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -3px;margin-bottom: -3px;padding: 2px 8px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2   住在小城镇的都是什么样的人？</strong></p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 7px;width: 12px;height: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 5px 5px 0px;background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: auto;width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="margin-top: 2px;margin-bottom: 2px;width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section class="" style="padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇的人口结构</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      我们印象里人口流失严重的农村，住着的往往是老人、小孩与狗，或者调侃的“386199”部队。那么小城镇呢？答案是与农村明显不同，当然，也与城市明显不同。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      首先，小城镇的男性比女性多。2016年男女性别比为106.6，甚至高于当年全国总人口的性别比105.02。全国各地区都男多女少，但是区域差异在于中部地区男女失衡问题更为严峻，性别比高达107；而东北地区男女相对其他地区均衡，性别比为103.7。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      其次，小城镇人口的常住人口平均年龄为44岁，中老年人在所有居民中占据了大半壁江山。小城镇常住人口年龄金字塔呈上大下小的纺锤形，老龄化程度是很明显的。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceHJiaugoZOPYgKvVKMdfbMEJdWG8sMIo13mmY771SrCWIMwFbrV2micVA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 12px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 2 调研小城镇人口年龄金字塔</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      第三，小城镇居民整体受教育水平低，七成以上居民学历在初中及以下。15-34岁的青年人的受教育水平相当低，初中及以下学历的高达2/3，小学及以下的占1/4，这在教育产业红红火火的城里，这么多年轻人不读书，是不可思议的事情。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceaefcjtOEic8zYqg8mcibZ7Ch8Nb1icAxKb0rramlG6XzNVdjibrPxYHpGA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 3 小城镇与全国抽样人口中6岁及6岁以上人口受教育程度分布对比</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlcedt8rDiav2iallJ89fzUtZ4niakOhQL8XWlFlodtR6FHM2N20yJf39fkJA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      第四，小城镇虽然是城镇了，但还有约70%的人仍为农业户籍。这主要是因为小城镇大多是由一个村庄或几个临近村庄发展演变而来的。虽然常年居住在镇里，但这些居民仍与农村有非常紧密的联系——21%的居民仍在乡村地区从事农业生产，13%的居民在农村有宅基地和老房子，20%的居民仍有三代以内近亲在农村居住。但是受户籍限制，小城镇大多居民还不能享受城镇居民的社会保障和福利待遇。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceHdpZmY4oRfJ31Z3uVCiazybfNPmhfpRqHfiaU6s39ALbWDUOQicWmUOzg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      最后，小城镇居民的就业身份也很独特。小城镇常住15-64岁劳动年龄人口中，就业者约占85%，无业和退休人员占15%。就业者职业主要分布在“务农”、“打零工”、“做生意”和“机关企事业单位上班”四大领域，占就业人口比例分别为33%、22%、21%、21%。这种就业结构，决定了约80%的小城镇就业者为个体就业，超过一半的小城镇从业者工作相对自由闲散，明显区别于城市就业者以工作节奏较快的上班族为主。兼业在小城镇也较常见，“农忙务农，农闲打工”，“上班开店两不误”是很多小城镇居民的真实写照。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceznnQIicpp0XQHhOV7GHpUyZmblvUHSfQccoibn2GM96gDW5af8J6cHUw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 12px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 4 小城镇就业者职业类型分布</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      与职业对应的是收入，调查镇就业者的平均收入为2562元/月，相当于一线城市的最低收入人群的水平。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlcexVLrIzep88q4t0TAuMRkepX4GC6iblnIfXTnYsdQqRiaIFqiaz8upu3Kg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      不同职业的居民收入呈现出了明显的分段特征——机关事业单位、经商（做生意）与企业上班收入最高，月收入在3000元上下，和同期外出农民工收入差不多；退休和务农的人收入则较低，月收入不到2000元。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlce03yWUmmy4HZhw2VgTGB5MjNo6PJEIcib2DMHEUAJvEMDe6GWjQBlExg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="margin-top: 2px;margin-bottom: 2px;width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section class="" style="padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇的家庭结构</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      小城镇世居家庭多，占比超过7成。后期迁入镇区的家庭以近20年内迁入居多，主要来自周边农村，尤其是本镇域农村地区。这表明小城镇以家庭来源衡量的社会结构长期以来都比较稳定，镇区常住的基本是“本地人”，“外地人”很少。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceKd5gFJ15TO0V2F5FRt3PkKkdILHodODlcASGUlQs8qvV9f5HGSoVAg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 6 小城镇家庭来源</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      家庭户均人口为3.27人，略高于当年3.10人的全国平均值。但小城镇家庭也明显在日益小型化，两代人组成的核心家庭成为了主体——3人以下的家庭占比超过了60%，传统的三代四代住在一起的中型或大型家庭（5人以上）占比不到1/5。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceKB7fTJF2GbptlicnZsUTWrULepq4gB16Vhj8faNWDy4vL6HGmPdEX3A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 7 小城镇家庭规模分布</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 256.672px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 44.625px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 8px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlce7xeDox6O8z0UZ7pCxW9VEmrwKTiaUQiao15LCGWCEc2iaF47kS6mUQgibQ/640.gif?" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 256.672px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: 7px;width: 12px;height: 5px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;transform: rotate(0deg);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -3px;margin-bottom: -3px;padding: 2px 8px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3  “以人为本”的是不可回避的关键问题</strong></p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 7px;width: 12px;height: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 5px 5px 0px;background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: auto;width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      从全国性的调查结果来看，我国小城镇明显有着大量区别于城市与农村的特征，在国家与地区发展中也承担着区别化的作用。但我国目前小城镇的规划无论在内容还是方法上都大量参照了城市规划的相关经验。由于水土不服，规划在小城镇不能解决实际问题，只能“图上画画，墙上挂挂”的情况不是个例。要扭转这种尴尬的局面，就必须重视基层规划的实用性原则，回归规划是解决一个时期一批人问题的方案的本质。为了让小城镇的人生活得更舒适、幸福、体面，小城镇更健康地发展，我们在这里提出了一些小城镇现阶段面对的关键问题，有待全体有智慧的规划师们共同思考、探讨与实践。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="margin-top: 2px;margin-bottom: 2px;width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section class="" style="padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">就近就地城镇化</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">     小城镇作为距离农村最近的一级城镇，承担着服务三农的重要功能，与农村在地缘亲缘上的相互渗透使之天然具有农民低成本就近就地城镇化的便利条件。</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">      从小城镇现状人口的发展来看，大部分一般镇镇域人口受异地城镇化影响在不断减少，但大部分镇镇区的常住人口近年在持续增长，这主要有赖于镇域内农村人口进入镇区定居。这使得镇区的常住人口中除了世居人口，其余大部分都是从周边农村迁入的农民。对镇区房屋买卖的调查结果也与上述特征一致——购买镇区商品房、小产权房的人绝大部分是周边农村家庭</span>。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceicRYghMGyWEmpthnvTK8eUt6p8oK8G8uwCjnkkWt4icIubhqwuDX6rOA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      访谈得知，农村居民愿意到镇区工作或居住，进行就近就地城镇化的原因主要包括5点：①相比农村，小城镇收入更高、发展空间更大，相比外出打工，收入可以差不多而且可以兼顾家庭；②镇区设施服务更完备，生活更便捷，方便子女教育、日常就医、购物、办事等；③相比县城，离农村更近，可以照顾家庭，甚至保有土地，兼顾务农；④小城镇和农村在社会、生态、居住等方面类似，城镇化成本低，易于融入；⑤受制于现实条件，自身文化程度和技能有限，难以去城市就业生活。可见，未来必将有一批农民权衡各类利弊后主观选择或受现实条件限制，从农村流向其邻近的小城镇。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      总之，无论从小城镇现状人口及其发展趋势来看，还是从农村居民的主观意愿来看，小城镇都是农民就近就地城镇化的重要承载地，在新型城镇化中发挥着重要作用。随着国家和地方对小城镇发展日益增长的关注和投入，小城镇在就近就地城镇化中发挥的作用必将更加显著。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="margin-top: 2px;margin-bottom: 2px;width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section class="" style="padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">劳动力、就业与产业发展</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      相比于农村基本只有“妇女、儿童和老人生活”的状况，小城镇当前的劳动力数量还较为充足，发展的压力要远小于农村。但小城镇劳动力的素质普遍较低，难以满足小城镇发展需求。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      大部分一般小城镇主要功能定位是周边农村地区的服务中心，目前可提供的工作岗位主要集中于农业、商业、传统服务业、手工业等领域或者制造业初级环节，就业门槛较低。目前这些岗位仍适合小城镇和农村地区存在的大量文化水平偏低、职业技能单一、劳动能力有限、年龄偏大的劳动力。然而，未来随着我国的经济转型，对技能要求较低的工作逐步减少，小城镇中大量没有受过中高等教育的低技能劳动力将面临巨大的就业压力。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlcectTNuKc9ddCha2CEoJjI2DPcoiclHfTsrgPPdjEswlRKagjz8l5uwrA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      人口素质问题是制约小城镇发展的重要因素之一，除了加强教育与培训投入提高劳动力质量外，如何发展满足小城镇经济发展需求，同时又能够匹配小城镇劳动力现实条件的产业，无疑将是中的关键问题。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="margin-top: 2px;margin-bottom: 2px;width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section class="" style="padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">环境综合整治提升</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      小城镇的基础设施欠账较多，调研镇中仍有6%的镇没有普及自来水，48%的镇没有生活污水处理设施，10%的镇没有进行集中的垃圾处理；脏乱差现象也较普遍，有待进行综合整治并形成有效长效的维护管理机制。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceiaOpf8KrXhic3mGdYU6CdZLkKbbQESz6fpqbmnNIwATex538volKP4UQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      从小城镇镇区居民和周边村民的满意度调查和访谈来看，小城镇虽然经济发展、就业机会和设施水平不如城市，但在生态环境、邻里关系、故土情结、居住空间等方面有城市不可比肩的生活优势，是部分现有居民依赖的生存环境和一批愿意从村进镇的潜在居民的理想家园。居民对基础设施、公共服务、绿地、镇容镇貌等多有不满意，也表明了他们对改善这些方面条件的期待。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      由此可见，在小城镇广泛开展环境综合整治提升工作十分必要。这将大大改善小城镇的人居环境，提升居民满意度，增强小城镇对人口的吸引集聚能力。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="margin-top: 2px;margin-bottom: 2px;width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section class="" style="padding-left: 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">老龄化问题与养老保障</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      小城镇人口老龄化趋势明显，镇区常住人口中60岁及以上老年人占19%，65岁及以上老年人占12%，高于2015年16%和11%的全国水平。常住人口的中坚力量为40-59岁的居民，35岁以下人口偏少，预示着如果不能加强小城镇的人口吸引力，未来其人口金字塔底部缺口有进一步扩大的趋势，人口老龄化程度将继续加深。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      年轻人离开父母独立居住，实现代际间分居在小城镇已经十分普遍，这导致小城镇“空巢老人”、“纯老户”现象比较普遍。虽然小城镇独居老人并不多（占60岁以上老人的4.6%），但家中无后辈照顾的“空巢老人”占60岁以上老人比例超过1/3，“纯老户”占所有家庭的13%。部分老人常年没有子女同住，而是与伴侣或兄弟姐妹等同辈亲属相互照料。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlcesGm0gm947N2ibKicYwdnBKRbaMibiaQKSD7l6ibgEn2rR8d5KmOanE2whOQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      调查还显示，90%以上的小城镇居民选择居家养老，极少数人考虑去养老院。小城镇居民心中的“居家养老”目前并不等同于城市里以家庭为核心，以社区为依托的，有专业服务的“居家养老（服务）”，基本只是依靠家庭、亲属，缺乏社会化服务内容。而养老院通常是为镇村少量的“五保户”、孤寡老人等准备的，空置率普遍较高。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      相比于经济更发达、设施与保障体系更完善的城市地区，小城镇人口老龄化带来的养老问题显得更有压力。随着小城镇老龄化程度进一步加重，如何应对小城镇大量老人的养老问题，完善养老保障体系和养老设施服务配置将成为面临的重大课题。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;text-align: center;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2.6em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: -1em;transform: rotate(-45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: auto;width: 2em;height: 2em;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 32px;border-left: 0.2em solid rgb(71, 193, 168);border-bottom: 0.2em solid rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;background-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px;display: inline-block;width: 502.188px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">致谢：本文数据全部来源于住建部2016年全国小城镇详细调查，衷心感谢在报告编写过程给予了多次指导的同济大学彭震伟老师、张立老师，同时感谢参与调查的同济大学、北京大学等20余所高校师生以及参与报告编写的课题组成员。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceXOcmTLhiaL2edEqweW1rA0DKzF7TMQ7zIiaGicIsicWvMuX2rp9EzOljvw/640.gif?" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(152, 152, 152);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">        </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">       <span style="font-size: 12px;">依托于同济大学建筑与城市规划学院，中国城市规划学会学术委员会秘书处致力于与建设领域的实践成果和最新学术信息分享，促进相关学术交流。住建部优秀期刊《小城镇建设》是学委会的会刊。优秀案例和信息分享请发邮件：town@planning.org.cn。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 524.516px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(55, 186, 240) 0%, rgb(212, 236, 244) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;display: inline-block;width: 518.516px;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 259.25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(-12px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlce2KFnAKMbPAiarRKMSzkzicZBQ50AfCIZDzDVgmT1zE4u1EcMLnpIghVw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 259.25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(12px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDjjlNSff0oJJkmhlOWTNlceQFr7RjQ3UMhlsaezGhrI70lIyRvpp4AquC48wfM5cEH3F7QW9UYK2g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section><p><br  /></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;overflow: hidden !important;"><br  /></section><p><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p>
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