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style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">【北京规划建设】是由与《北京规划建设》杂志联合推出的栏目，这里有新认知与旧经验的碰撞，新媒体与传统媒体的聚合。《北京规划建设》创刊于1987年，迄今已有31年的办刊历史。期刊强调深邃的思想性、厚重的理论性、丰富的实践性及敏锐的新闻性。【北京规划建设】系列既有严谨洗练的学术论文，也有轻松活泼的随笔。你走，我不送你；你来，无论多大风雨，我都等你。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 100%;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 303.3 4.6" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M189.5,1.8c-1.4,0-2.7,0-4.1-0.3c-0.6-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.7-0.5c-0.3-0.1-1.5-1.3-1.3-0.4     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style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87gyLzZu1FFRGQCAFv2ia3oQiajpYIP172KyzNiaqOkagD2bXMiaqISPxFxg/640?wx_fmt=gif");background-attachment: scroll;background-size: 100.078%;background-position: 300% 16.782%;background-repeat: repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: -20px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 45%;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87QeMG6icX6ibr2vGYLjd3qmESDibvWqm0Riczbpo4xYEkZNnK74PQRgmnHg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(72, 72, 72);text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-shadow: rgb(255, 184, 217) 0px 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;">摘要：</span></strong><span style="text-shadow: rgb(255, 184, 217) 0px 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;">京张铁路是一条具有百年历史的交通基础设施和铁路工业遗产，然而随着城市的发展，位于五环之内的北京城区段铁路的格局发生了多次变化，近年来曾一度成为城市的顽疾。2016年11月以来，这段铁路已经在京张城际高铁的建设中废弃拆除。本文回顾了百年来京张铁路北京城区段的变迁史及其原因，并对新一轮城市更新下京张铁路遗产保护所面临的困难及机遇进行反思。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-shadow: rgb(255, 184, 217) 0px 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-shadow: rgb(255, 184, 217) 0px 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;">关键词：</span></strong><span style="text-shadow: rgb(255, 184, 217) 0px 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;">京张铁路  工业遗产  百年回顾  反思</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 1.6em;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87kUgI20qZpHYvzk076puho7Issl0zklbj2g6RRIGe3wOsCpkrRRfWibA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;margin-bottom: 2px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">京张铁路与京张铁路北京城区段</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">京张铁路始建于1909年，是第一条由中国人自主勘查、设计和修建的铁路，在当时的历史背景下具有重要的战略意义。京张铁路经历了108年的运行检验，虽然期间经历了战乱的破坏、续建与改建，如今已成为全国十大铁路干线之京包铁路的组成部分。京张铁路的历史之悠久、施工之艰难、地位之重大使其不仅是中国铁路史上的杰作，更是承载了厚重民族记忆的文化遗产。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">为了便于不同区段的划分，按照当前的行政区划，京张铁路可划分为北京城区段、昌平段、延庆段及河北段四个部分，本文研究的北京城区段是指从历史起点——丰台柳村至海淀清河的铁路，历史上全长约21公里，现存9.3公里，建有广安门车站、西直门车站、清华园车站和清河车站四座车站（图1、图2）。从区位上，这段铁路作为京张铁路的始发段，从北京旧城西南侧起，途经广安门、西便门、阜成门和西直门四座城门，在其中的两座城门设车站，可见规划者考虑到了京张铁路对于首都之重要的区位因素。就铁路本身而言，这段铁路“道路平坦，既无山岭，且鲜谿河，即有通泄雨水之沟洫十余处，亦不难于周历之顷指顾而定。”<span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">【<span style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 25.6px;">1</span><span style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">】</span></span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">证明良好的地理条件为设计和施工提供了诸多便利，这使京张铁路北京城区段和昌平段，自1905年12月12日至1906年9月30日不到一年的时间即全线竣工成为了可能。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87BP3BvSak7JRgzvLmLnIKiaId6ST9tHibuftz6p6bOuFQqVs7Sfv619MA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">▲图1 京张铁路北京城区段区位图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">（图片来源：作者自绘）</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87AmXfRTLSGM8ia4vYgSKZhEzfGO6DOKy6qJtKeOgN7xVHtljLiaw3d0ZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">▲图2 京张铁路北京城区段早期总平面图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">（图片来源：作者根据《实测京师四郊地图（民国四年）》改绘）</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;">然而铁路的建设仍需克服一些社会及人文因素，由于“地近畿辅”，不得不在广安门、阜成门、西直门等人口密集地“横穿街巷”、在西便门外横穿京汉铁路；在北京旧城西部和北部的郊外地区，因“悉皆园林、坟墓星布棋罗”而采取“叠用曲线，以为避就之计。”，即为了避免破坏园林和坟墓等旧物，不得不频繁采用曲线布局来避开它们，可见铁路规划者在百年之前就具有高度的文物保护意识。值得注意的是，西直门车站的选址曾与晚清当局出现了矛盾并因此而妥协，詹天佑认为“西直门外地势自以高粱桥迤西一带为最适宜”</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">【2】</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;">，但是由于“凡警跸出入之所，例不许侵犯，故架桥御河经过辇路均属不便”，这是因为西直门是清皇室往返“三山五园”地区特别是当时作为离宫的颐和园的重要陆路及水路交通枢纽。陆路上，出西直门过高粱桥即可通过石板御道直达海淀诸皇家园林，水路上，过高粱桥在倚虹堂乘坐御舟即可通过南长河到达紫竹院、万寿寺、颐和园等地。因此，最终方案不得不克服用地紧张的困难，“将北面大芦塘填平，并将高粱桥之河道改流北向芦塘北面东折，经过路界而入护城河，地面始足敷用。” 但这一选择的好处在于“该处虽多费填河之工，然亦省架桥之费，且地近城根，行旅实较便利也。”这一格局仍然保存至今，北京北站的西侧边界正是紧靠转河的，这意味着南长河及北京护城河的水系因为铁路修建的原因而被改变，这在清代是前所未有的先例（图3）。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87CqSYUiaXXwujJ2FTdjIJa733ia5GyCroNGefwk8tXrjHHibSjOAFcTYlA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">▲图3 京张铁路西直门车站附近早期平面图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">（图片来源：作者根据《北京地图（民国三年）》改绘）</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 1.6em;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87kUgI20qZpHYvzk076puho7Issl0zklbj2g6RRIGe3wOsCpkrRRfWibA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;margin-bottom: 2px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">历史上的城市发展与京张铁路的变迁</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">京张铁路全线通车之后，便开始对城市的客流及物流运输发挥了重要作用，北京城区段铁路在历史上几经改建和扩建，与城市发展及更新的关系十分紧密：从京张铁路初建时城市为铁路让路到战争年代的饱经沧桑，从建国后铁路的蓬勃发展到逐渐为城市建设让路、再到近年来铁路与城市之间的矛盾日益激烈、最终于2016年彻底告别历史舞台，可以发现铁路在每个时期的变化都是由城市发展与更新决定，即当铁路不再满足当时城市的需求时，就会被人为改变，毫无疑问这是顺应时代发展的规律所致。具体而言，这一变迁史可大致划分为以下三个阶段。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(142, 201, 101);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">初建与战乱期（1905～1949年）</strong></em></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">这一阶段跨越了晚清、民国和新中国成立初期的近五十年时间，主要反映了近代民族工业的兴起与战乱带来的衰败。京张铁路在1909年全线开通运行之后（图4），为了进一步提高运输能力，于次年即宣统二年（1910年）在京西三才堂等地增设了包括清华园在内的五座车站<span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">【<span style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 25.6px;">3</span><span style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.6;">】</span></span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">，此后北京城区段的变迁史料较为稀缺，更多的是关于其他区段的记载。民国年间，京张铁路的建设仍在继续并发挥了更加重要的功能：1921年京张铁路向西续建至绥远（民国时期的塞北四省之一，省会“归绥”为今天的呼和浩特市）之后，先后更名为“京绥铁路”和“平绥铁路”，1923年又续建至包头；1937年日本全面侵华之后为了掠夺更多资源而在铁路上续建了很多支线。在抗日战争和解放战争时期，铁路在战火中遭受到了较为严重的破坏。直至新中国成立之后，国家对铁路进行恢复重建并于1949年通车，京张铁路更名为“京包铁路”并延续至今，主要承担由首都至西北的客货运输功能（图5a）。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87Ict8CaAXuh7mMFMwFBiaqv0laiaVmwMysRf9sIT6UgulcYtxrwB23BfQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">▲图4 京张铁路1909年全线通车旧影</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">（图片来源：《京张路工摄影》）</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87gJ7wicgqa3AIb2jgcyqXMeKbt2ZJLUau9W7rPq2Grl8VyMX36pPmcng/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">▲图5 京张铁路不同发展时期的平面图</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">（作者自绘）</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(142, 201, 101);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">发展期与改造期（1949～2001年）</em></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">这一阶段主要反映了新中国成立的前五十年铁路事业的蓬勃发展与局部改造，一方面，铁路的客货运功能对城市的意义重大，另一方面，城市建设开始与京张铁路的历史线路出现了矛盾，使京张铁路调整局部线路和车站，但总体上仍保留了历史线路（图5b）。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">1954年，为了推动清华大学总体规划的实施，经过多个部门的磋商，最终决定将京张铁路正线向东移动800米、清华园火车站整体向东南方向搬迁1.2公里，宣统二年所建的清华园火车站旧址得以保留并改为货运站，可通过两个站点之间的联络线与铁路正线相连。这一变动促使围绕清华园火车站旧址形成了一处货运物流中心，在车站及联络线的沿线新建了仓库、货场及员工宿舍等附属设施。与之相似的是，在20世纪60年代由于城市建设的原因，广安门车站以北至西直门的12公里铁路被拆除，这使京张铁路的完整性第一次遭受了损失，这意味着自起点至西直门车站的铁路段与整体完全脱离，始发站也由广安门车站北移至西直门站。幸运的是，广安门车站并未废弃，而是改造为货运站，承担了向首都运输粮食、煤炭、危险品等物资的功能并且地位越发重要。在这一时期，广安门和清华园这两座车站尽管因为城市建设的原因脱离了京张铁路的正线、丧失了原有部分功能，但并未因此走向衰落，而是很快发挥了新的作用。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(142, 201, 101);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">矛盾发展期（2001～2016年）</em></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">在这一阶段中，随着城市化进程的加快，城市用地规模的增加、城市用地功能的转变与城市道路交通的延伸都对京张铁路的线路及附属设施产生了影响。一方面，随着城市规模由内而外地扩张，原有的铁路用地逐渐被市中心所包围，因城市用地的调整，一些货运车站的功能被迁移至城市外部，这直接导致了广安门车站、清华园火车站旧址等铁路沿线历史建筑的衰败。另一方面，城市公路及轨道交通的完善同样对京张铁路造成了冲击，2001年修建北四环深槽路段以及2002年修建地铁13号线时，新旧两座清华园火车站之间的联络线遭到了切断及部分废弃；紧接着随着货运功能的丧失，曾经围绕着清华园火车站旧址形成的货运物流中心则彻底遭到了废弃（图5c、图5d）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">然而，这一地区的城市功能很快就得到了更新，因第五个铁路交道口而得名的“五道口”地区凭借优越的区位优势迅速地发展为远近闻名的教育和商业中心。而藏匿于城市之中的京张铁路历史建筑因无人重视而走向衰败，逐渐成为了低收入人群的聚集地，与外部光鲜亮丽的城市风貌形成了鲜明对比。（图6a）</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87He9LZBxl5gWTodKibicv0niaJoekcxK28wJWwRNib7xGcmqKFohqvuSA3w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">▲图6 京张铁路废弃之前的沿线照片</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">（作者自摄）</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">不仅如此，随着城市建设的完善以及人口密度的增加，京张铁路北京城区段的线路给城市造成了前所未有的负面影响。在交通上，列车每天都要数次穿越若干城市主要道路，一些支路因出现断头而无法有效发挥疏导交通的作用。根据相关统计，铁路每日来往火车52趟，每次阻断道路长达3～4分钟，这极大地加剧了道路的拥堵，一些路段在早晚高峰时甚至濒临瘫痪（图6b、图6c、图6d）。另一方面，京张铁路以及并行的地铁13号线具有较强的隔绝性，直接导致了铁路沿线的城市用地因交通不便和噪声污染等原因而成为了廉价地块，相应地成为了批发市场、棚户区的聚集地，致使这一地区呈现出建筑密度高、建筑风貌差、人口密度高、绿地率低的衰败化、郊区化和生态环境恶化的倾向。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 1.6em;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87kUgI20qZpHYvzk076puho7Issl0zklbj2g6RRIGe3wOsCpkrRRfWibA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;margin-bottom: 2px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">京张铁路北京城区段与新一轮城市更新</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">2008年，为了协同北京与张家口的发展和产业布局，全长173.96公里的京张城际高铁项目正式立项，但因拟实施方案与民意相左及财政原因而被迫搁置；2015年，随着北京-张家口联合申办2022年冬季奥运会取得成功，京张高铁的项目被重新提上日程：确定北京北站为始发站，但高铁并非在现有轨道上建设，而是不得已选择修建造价高昂、工程难度大的隧道穿越学院南路至清华东路之间的北京城区；2016年11月，京张高铁正式开工，为了配合高铁隧道的施工，北京北站暂停运营、清华园火车站被永久废弃、清河车站将改造升级，北京城区段地面现有铁路及护栏等设施将在短时间内拆除。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87YPcRJar27YadIN3VgwQ93onyYsx0nbmeU3JibRBvWLdic5Wl3uicia3lcg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">京张铁路的废弃拆除以及京张高铁的隧道工程无疑是解决长久以来京张铁路与城市之间矛盾的最优解，显而易见的是这种做法延续了过去以来既有的思路：即当铁路不再满足城市发展的需求时，就将被新的功能所完全取代，并且需要付出一定代价，而并非站在历史发展的角度考虑京张铁路作为重要的工业遗产，如何能在一次又一次的城市更新之中既不妨碍城市建设本身、又能将遗产的价值得以保留，从而为城市居民提供服务。如今这样一次变革无疑将使京张铁路的完整性受到前所未有的冲击，不仅那些过去保护状况堪忧的铁路遗迹没有机会得到保护，而且很有可能将会有一大批过去得到使用、如今遭到废弃的铁路设施很快沦为废品而不知去向。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">同样应该得到高度关注的是未来京张高铁清华园隧道的地面空间如何利用。这条长达5.33公里、宽度约为10～50米不等的地面带状空间将连同地铁13号线的高架桥下空间一同得到释放，目前政府尚未明确表明其利用方式。但交通部门曾在2015年表示，目前始于北五环、与京张铁路部分并行的京新高速将“有望从现在的五环箭亭桥继续向城内延伸，到四环路将在保福寺桥和学院路间将建成新的立交，今后还将直通三环内的文慧桥。”但是“由于京新高速五环内路段要和京张高铁一体化施工，需根据京张高铁进程而定，目前还暂无明确时间表。”这意味着隧道上方的带状空间很有可能被高速公路所取代，虽然高速公路与地面交通之间的关系无从推测，但平交绝对是规划者首先要排除的一个选项，因此地面上的这一带状空间仍存在着很多模糊选项，也正因为如此，它才具有较大的开发潜力和较高的研究价值（图5e）。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">首先，带状空间为铁路遗迹提供了物质载体。作为京张铁路的重要组成部分，北京城区段具有较高的社会价值、科学艺术价值以及历史价值，而铁路上的线路、建筑物及构筑物和大量的附属设施正是这种综合价值最为真实的体现。既然铁路作为一种线性通道，那么对于这些遗迹来说，按照线性关系在原址上进行保存无疑是最为合理的展示方式，当然并不排除在展示之前对其进行一定程度的处理。因此，即便目前铁路遗迹因为高铁施工而被暂时移除，也没有完全排除未来完工后将部分具有较高价值的京张铁路遗迹恢复原位并在带状空间上进行展示的可能性，这将极大地提高这条铁路遗产的整体性价值。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">其次，带状空间为优化城市结构提供了可能。当铁路不再具有实际的交通功能时，实际上已经给解决前文所述的若干城市问题做好了铺垫，过去通行不畅的若干道路将穿越京张铁路旧址，重新划分出街区；过去因为铁路而交通不便、受到噪声困扰的沿线地带将焕发出前所未有的活力。根据北京市最新的人口疏解计划，北京市将在“十三五”期间有序地疏解非首都功能，其中包含区域性物流基地和批发市场、一般性制造业等，从而实现降低人口的目的。这意味着铁路沿线现状分布的部分用地都将会得到更新，而由京张铁路废弃而产生的带状空间将会成为铁路东西的城市连接体，发挥十分重要的功能。因此，带状空间连同两侧的城市空间即将面临一轮新的城市设计，使其得到更加高效的利用。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">再次，带状空间为修复城市生态创造了契机。根据最新获取到的数据，截至2015年，京张铁路北京城区段所在的海淀区绿地率达到48.56%，高于全市的45.79%，但人均公园绿地面积为12.25平方米，低于全市的16平方米，这一数据尽管与国家园林城市及国家生态园林城市的标准相比已经处于较高的水平，但根据卫星图及实地调研也可以发现，京张铁路及沿线用地的生态环境总体较为恶劣，绿地的数量和品质都存在着较大缺陷，这不利于城市人居环境的改善。因此，这一带状空间有望成为贯穿南北的一段生态走廊，同时可以成为一段充满绿色与活力的城市开放空间。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 1.6em;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk87kUgI20qZpHYvzk076puho7Issl0zklbj2g6RRIGe3wOsCpkrRRfWibA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;margin-bottom: 2px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结语</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;">自京张铁路北京城区段的完整性第一次受到破坏以来，这段铁路屡次为了顺应城市建设和发展的需求而做出了让步，才导致这一承载着重要历史记忆的铁路遗产如今正面临着消失殆尽的威胁，一方面这是功能优先发展理念下的结果，为城市发展带来了实惠，但另一方面我们必须对长时间以来对京张铁路工业遗产的忽视所造成的损失进行反思。如今，京张城际高铁将永久性替代京张铁路北京城区段这一事实已不容改变，但仍然值得尝试的就是抓住高铁隧道地面空间利用的这一契机，为铁路的历史遗迹保存有一丝存活的空间、为城市的发展树立更加长远的眼光、为城市生态环境的改善创造一次不容错过的良机。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eO1PJMkA5B96Dg1eM57xk876L4Q9WVH3scPsabDvj4H5BkqbaSHzWLasWFmMgI98ShwicleR9JefvQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文由国家自然科学基金（31670704）：“基于森林城市构建的北京市生态绿地格局演变机制及预测预警研究”和北京市共建项目专项共同资助。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-style: dashed;border-top-width: 1px;border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);box-sizing: border-box;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">注释</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</em><em style="line-height: 22.4px;box-sizing: border-box;">1</em><em style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;">】 引自詹天佑著《京张铁路工程纪略》第二章-路线</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">【</em><em style="line-height: 22.4px;box-sizing: border-box;">2</em><em style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;">】 引自詹天佑著《京张铁路工程纪略》第四章-土石</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;">【</em><em style="line-height: 22.4px;box-sizing: border-box;">3</em><em style="line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;">】 新增的五座车站分别为清华园、东园、居庸关、三堡和西拨子车站。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">参考文献</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">1 北京市档案馆.京张铁路百年轨迹[M]. 北京：新华出版社，2014.</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2 韦庆媛,波澜壮阔的清华校园建设[EB/OL]. http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/news/4216/2011/20110831134858339753217/20110831134858339753217_.html,2011-8-31</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">3 蒋春芳.北京工业遗产——京张铁路的现状[N].人民政协报,2007-9-3.</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">4 崇礼旅行网,京张铁路，备受关注，一波三折[EB/OL]. http://www.chonglilvyou.com/news/242/,2015-9-23</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">5 海淀新闻,快看“冬奥高铁”穿越海淀的大项目[EB/OL]. http://mt.sohu.com/20160801/n462102962.shtml,2016-8-1</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">6 新华网,京张高铁清华园隧道开建 铁路平交道口“五道口”拆除[EB/OL]. http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-11/02/c_1119831486.htm,2016-11-2</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">7 黄钟.铁路遗产保护与利用策略初探——以京张铁路为例[C].2016中国城市规划年会论文集,2016年.</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">8 东方网, 京新高速连接线开通去往五环以内无需再绕行[EB/OL]. http://news.eastday.com/eastday/13news/auto/news/china/u7ai4318499_K4.html,2015-7-19</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">9 首都之窗, 疏解非首都功能，推进京津冀协同发展[EB/OL]. http://zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/zwzt/sjfsdgn/,2016-12-28</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">10 首都园林绿化政务网,2015年北京市城市绿化资源状况[EB/OL]. http://www.bjyl.gov.cn/zwgk/tjxx/201604/t20160401_178532.html,2016-4-1</em></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 100%;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 303.3 4.6" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M189.5,1.8c-1.4,0-2.7,0-4.1-0.3c-0.6-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.7-0.5c-0.3-0.1-1.5-1.3-1.3-0.4      c-0.4-0.4-1.2-1.2-1-0.1c0.1,0.4,0.6,1,0.6,1.4c0,0.1,0,0.3,0,0.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,0.4-0.5,1-0.6,1.3      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d="M153.4,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C152.9,1.2,153.4,1.7,153.4,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M149,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S149,1.7,149,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M144.5,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C144.1,1.2,144.5,1.7,144.5,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M140.1,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C139.7,1.2,140.1,1.7,140.1,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">作者：</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">朱强<span style="line-height: 1.6;">，北京林业大学园林学院，城乡生态环境北京实验室，在读硕士；</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">李雄，通讯作者，北京林业大学副校长，教授，博士生导师。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">原文发表于《北京规划建设》杂志2017年第4期。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">获授权微信首发，如需转载请联系本号。</p></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p>
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